Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *arbazScott K. ShayWardja Presshttps://protogermanic.org/pgmc_arbaz
Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.
Kin, clan and community in Proto-Indo-European societyBirgit AnetteOlsenBenedicte Nielsen WhiteheadBirgit Anette OlsenJanus Bahs JacquetKin, clan and community in Indo-European societyCopenhagenMuseum Tusculanum Press39–1802020Eichner’s law in Latin, Greek and beyond: Some neglected evidence10.1515/joll-2023-2003VincentMartzloffBarboraMachajdíkováJournal of Latin Linguistics 22(1)81–1302023Studies in early Indo-European loans in Uralic part IISampsaHolopainenSuomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja 10183–1112025*h₃erbʰ-to turn*h₃órbʰosslave, servant, indentured worker; orphan; apprenticeորբorphanὀρφανόςorphaned, bereftorbusbereft, parentless*orbъservant, slave
nounmasculinea-stemworker, laborerworking animal, draft animal; oxinheritance, patrimonyProbably from Proto-Indo-European *h₃órbʰos, from *h₃erbʰ-. Cognate with Old Armenian որբ, Ancient Greek ὀρφανός, Latin orbus, and Proto-Slavic *orbъ. The inherited meaning ‘orphan’ is relatively secure, while ‘servant, worker’ represents a secondary semantic development associated with change of social status Holopainen 2025: 89–94Martzloff & Machajdíková 2023: 95–97Olsen 2020: 153–56. Compare *arbaidiz, whose precise formation remains disputed.