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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *argiþō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_argiþō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="heidermanns1993" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/FEH4HY4N">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica 33)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Frank</forename>
              <surname>Heidermanns</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1993</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="santoro2002">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Germ. ARGA-, iniuriosum verbum: Aspetti etimologici e semantici</title>
            <author>
              <forename>verio</forename>
              <surname>Santoro</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Rome</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Aracne</publisher>
              <date>2002</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="webPage" xml:id="kobler2014">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Gerhard</forename>
              <surname>Köbler</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <date>2014</date>
              <note type="url">https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ahdwbhin.html</note>
              <note>Accessed 2026-09-16</note>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_goh_argida" xml:lang="goh" type="reflex">
          <orth>argida</orth>
          <def>cowardice; sluggishness, dullness</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ang_iergth" xml:lang="ang" type="reflex">
          <orth>iergþ</orth>
          <def>cowardice, timorousness; sluggishness</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ang_iergthu" xml:lang="ang" type="reflex">
          <orth>iergþu</orth>
          <def>cowardice, timorousness; sluggishness</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_ignavia" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>ignavia</orth>
          <def>inactivity, laziness, idleness, sloth, listlessness; cowardice, worthlessness</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_hebetudo" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>hebetudo</orth>
          <def>bluntness, dullness; dimness, faintness; sluggishness, obtuseness.</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_argitho" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/argiþō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>argiþō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑr.ɣi.θɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚱᚷᛁᚦᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>cowardice, timidity</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>sluggishness, dullness</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_argaz"><ref target="#pgmc_argaz">*argaz</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_itho"><ref target="#pgmc_itho">*-iþō</ref></mentioned>, denoting the quality or state of being <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_argaz"><ref target="#pgmc_argaz">*argaz</ref></mentioned>. Reflected by Old English <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ang_iergth"><ref target="#cog_ang_iergth">iergþ</ref></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ang_iergthu"><ref target="#cog_ang_iergthu">iergþu</ref></mentioned> and Old High German <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_goh_argida"><ref target="#cog_goh_argida">argida</ref></mentioned>, the latter glossing Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_ignavia"><ref target="#cog_lat_ignavia">ignavia</ref></mentioned>  and <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_hebetudo"><ref target="#cog_lat_hebetudo">hebetudo</ref></mentioned>  <bibl corresp="#heidermanns1993" n="102–103">Heidermanns 1993: 102–103</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kobler2014" n="s.v.  *argiþō">Köbler 2014: s.v.  *argiþō</bibl> <bibl corresp="#santoro2002" n="48">Santoro 2002: 48</bibl>. Compare the parallel abstract <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_argi"><ref target="#pgmc_argi">*argį̄</ref></mentioned>, which has a different semantic development.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>argiþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>argiþôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>argiþǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>argiþōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>argiþōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>argiþǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>argiþōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>argiþōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>argiþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>argiþōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>argiþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>argiþôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*argiþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>iergþ</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>argida</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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