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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *argį̄</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_argį</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="heidermanns1993" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/FEH4HY4N">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica 33)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Frank</forename>
              <surname>Heidermanns</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1993</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="schulte2006">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">The transformation of the older fuþark: Number magic, runographic or linguistic principles?</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Michael</forename>
              <surname>Schulte</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Arkiv för nordisk filologi 121</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="page">41–74</biblScope>
              <date>2006</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="rova2024">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">The inverse of praise: Epigraphic practices of Indo-European cursing</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Peter Jackson</forename>
              <surname>Rova</surname>
            </author>
            <editor>
              <surname>Jenny Larsson</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <surname>Thomas Olander</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <surname>Anders Richardt Jørgensen</surname>
            </editor>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Indo-European interfaces: Integrating linguistics, mythology and archaeology</title>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Stockholm</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Stockholm University Press</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="page">131–148</biblScope>
              <date>2024</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="document" xml:id="schulte2008">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Stylistic variation in runic inscriptions? A test case and preliminary assessment</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Michael</forename>
              <surname>Schulte</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Arkiv för nordisk filologi 123</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="page">5–22</biblScope>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="krause1971">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Die Sprache der urnordischen Runeninschriften</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Wolfgang</forename>
              <surname>Krause</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Heidelberg</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Carl Winter</publisher>
              <date>1971</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="krause1966">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Die Runeninschriften im älteren Futhark. Vol. 1</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Wolfgang</forename>
              <surname>Krause</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Göttingen</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht</publisher>
              <date>1966</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_non_ergi" xml:lang="non" type="reflex">
          <orth>ergi</orth>
          <def>unmanliness, baseness; lewdness</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_gmq-x-proto_arageu" xml:lang="gmq-x-proto" type="reflex">
          <orth>ᛡᚱᛡᚷᛖᚢ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ArAgeu</orth>
          </form>
          <def>baseness, unmanliness</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_argi" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/argį̄">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>argį̄</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑr.ɣĩː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚱᚷᛁ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">īn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>unmanliness, baseness; cowardice</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>indecency, shamelessness</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_argaz"><ref target="#pgmc_argaz">*argaz</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_i"><ref target="#pgmc_i">*-į̄</ref></mentioned>, with stem <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*argīn-</mentioned>. Reflected by Old Norse <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_non_ergi"><ref target="#cog_non_ergi">ergi</ref></mentioned> and probably by Proto-Norse <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_gmq-x-proto_arageu"><ref target="#cog_gmq-x-proto_arageu">ᛡᚱᛡᚷᛖᚢ</ref></mentioned>, a dative singular occurring in the Stentoften and Björketorp curses <bibl corresp="#heidermanns1993" n="102">Heidermanns 1993: 102</bibl> <bibl corresp="#rova2024">Rova 2024</bibl> <bibl corresp="#schulte2006" n="43, 61–62">Schulte 2006: 43, 61–62</bibl> <bibl corresp="#schulte2008" n="9">Schulte 2008: 9</bibl>. Alternatively, Krause and Looijenga analyze <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_gmq-x-proto_arageu"><ref target="#cog_gmq-x-proto_arageu">ᛡᚱᛡᚷᛖᚢ</ref></mentioned> as the dative singular of a separate <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">jōn</mentioned>-stem, corresponding to a nominative <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">**argijǭ</mentioned> <bibl corresp="#krause1966" n="212–13">Krause 1966: 212–13</bibl>  <bibl corresp="#krause1971" n="§97">Krause 1971: §97</bibl> </seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>argį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>argīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>argīnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>argīnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>argīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>argīnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>argīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>argīmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>argīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>argīmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>argį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>argīniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛡᚱᛡᚷᛖᚢ (ᴀrᴀgeu)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>ergi, ergja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>ergja</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*arki</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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