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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *armijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_armijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ref1989" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/FSU4ZD6B">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Íslensk orðsifjabók</title>
            <editor>
              <forename>Ásgeir Blöndal</forename>
              <surname>Magnússon</surname>
            </editor>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Reykjavik</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Orðabók Háskólans</publisher>
              <date>1989</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="orel2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/U6EVGQ9E">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vladimir</forename>
              <surname>Orel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="thesis" xml:id="bailey1997">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">The Etymology of the Old High German Weak Verb</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Christopher Gordon</forename>
              <surname>Bailey</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Newcastle University</publisher>
              <date>1997</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_non_erma" xml:lang="non" type="reflex">
          <orth>erma</orth>
          <def>to pity; regard as unfortunate</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ang_ierman" xml:lang="ang" type="reflex">
          <orth>ierman</orth>
          <def>to make miserable, afflict; ill-treat, harass</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ang_irman" xml:lang="ang" type="reflex">
          <orth>irman</orth>
          <def>to make miserable, afflict; ill-treat, harass</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_armijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/armijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>armijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑr.mi.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚱᛗᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to make poor, impoverish</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to make miserable; afflict, oppress</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_armaz_2"><ref target="#pgmc_armaz_2">*armaz²</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_i_jana_1"><ref target="#pgmc_i_jana_1">*-(i)janą¹</ref></mentioned>, here forming a deadjectival factitive Weak class 1 verb, literally ‘to make poor or miserable’ <bibl corresp="#bailey1997" n="151–152">Bailey 1997: 151–152</bibl> <bibl corresp="#orel2003" n="24, s.v. *armjanan">Orel 2003: 24, s.v. *armjanan</bibl>. Compare Old English <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ang_ierman"><ref target="#cog_ang_ierman">ierman</ref></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ang_irman"><ref target="#cog_ang_irman">irman</ref></mentioned> and Old Norse <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_non_erma"><ref target="#cog_non_erma">erma</ref></mentioned>; the latter sense appears secondary and probably reflects theological influence <bibl corresp="#ref1989" n="156, s.v. erma">Magnússon 1989: 156, s.v. erma</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>armijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>armijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>armijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>armīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>armijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>armī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>armijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>armijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>armīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>armijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>armijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>armijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>armijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>armijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>armijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>armijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>armijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>armijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>armijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>armijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>armijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>armijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>armīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>armijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>armīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>armijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>armijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>armijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>armijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>armijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>armijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>armijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>armidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>armidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>armidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>armidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>armidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>armidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>armidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>armidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>armidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>armidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>armidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>armidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>armidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>armidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>armidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>armidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>armijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>armidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>armijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*armijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ierman, yrman</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ermen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*armijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>armen, ermen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>armen, ermen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>armen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Switzerland German</lang>
                        <orth>ärmen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>erma</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>erma</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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