<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *arnuz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_arnuz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="beekes2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/K7ES6IFT">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10/1)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert</forename>
              <surname>Beekes</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kloekhorst2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6CLAD8LI">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Alwin</forename>
              <surname>Kloekhorst</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2011a" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Y6TMIYYV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">The Proto-Germanic n-Stems: A Study in Diachronic Morphophonology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Rodopi</publisher>
              <date>2011a</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="nedoma2018">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Germanic personal names before AD 1000 and their elements referring to birds of prey: With an emphasis upon the runic inscription in the eastern Swedish Vallentuna-Rickeby burial</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert</forename>
              <surname>Nedoma</surname>
            </author>
            <editor>
              <surname>Karl-Heinz Gersmann</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <surname>Oliver Grimm</surname>
            </editor>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Raptor and Human: Falconry and Bird Symbolism throughout the Millennia on a Global Scale, vol. 4</title>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Kiel &amp; Hamburg</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Wachholtz</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="page">1583–1602</biblScope>
              <date>2018</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_ornis" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ὄρνῑς</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>órnīs</orth>
          </form>
          <def>bird, chicken</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_hit_ha_a_ra_as_kharas" xml:lang="hit" type="cognate">
          <orth>𒄩𒀀𒊏𒀸</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ḫa-a-ra-aš /⁠χáras⁠/</orth>
          </form>
          <def>eagle</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h3ero_h3er_on" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₃érō ~ *h₃ér-on-</orth>
          <def>eagle</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_arnuz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arnuz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>arnuz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑr.nuz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚱᚾᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>eagle</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From the inherited <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">n</mentioned>-stem <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_aro"><ref target="#pgmc_aro">*arô</ref></mentioned>, ultimately Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3ero_h3er_on"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3ero_h3er_on">*h₃érō ~ *h₃ér-on-</ref></mentioned>. The <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">u</mentioned>-stem is secondary: the<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> n</mentioned>-stem accusative plural <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*arnunz</mentioned>, from pre-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₃ér-n-n̥s</mentioned> in Kroonen’s <bibl corresp="#kroonen2011a" n="58, 60- 61" ana="#omit-author">2011a: 58, 60- 61</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="s.v. *aran- 1" ana="#omit-author">2013: s.v. *aran- 1</bibl> reconstruction, was reanalyzed as a <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">u</mentioned>-stem form and became the pivot for a new paradigm <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*arnu-</mentioned> <bibl corresp="#nedoma2018" n="1590–91">Nedoma 2018: 1590–91</bibl>. Compare the parallel development <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_bero"><ref target="#pgmc_bero">*berô</ref></mentioned> → <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_bernuz"><ref target="#pgmc_bernuz">*bernuz</ref></mentioned>. The inherited <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">n</mentioned>-stem corresponds closely to Hittite <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_hit_ha_a_ra_as_kharas"><ref target="#cog_hit_ha_a_ra_as_kharas">𒄩𒀀𒊏𒀸</ref></mentioned>, stem <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">ḫāran</mentioned>-, and is also related to Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_grc_ornis"><ref target="#cog_grc_ornis">ὄρνῑς</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#beekes2010" n="1106, s.v. ὄρνεον">Beekes 2010: 1106, s.v. ὄρνεον</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kloekhorst2008" n="107–108, 301–303">Kloekhorst 2008: 107–108, 301–303</bibl> </seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>arnuz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>arniwiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>arnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>arnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>arnauz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>arniwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>arniwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>arnumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>arnū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>arnumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>arnu</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>arniwiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*arnu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*arn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>āren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>arend</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>arend</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*arnu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>earn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ern, arn, aryn, eerne, eren, erne, eron, ærn, earn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>erne</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>earn, ern, erne</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*arnu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*ern</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>earn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*arnu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>arn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>arn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Arn</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*arnu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*arn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ārn, arne, arnt, arndt, aren, ārent</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Arend</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*arnuʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>ǫrn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>örn</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>ørn</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>ann, örn</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>örn</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>ørn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*arnuʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>ǫrn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>ørn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>ørn</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>ørn</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*arnuʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>ǫrn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>ørn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>örn</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*arnuʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                    <orth>*ārnës</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
