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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *arsaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_arsaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
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          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10/1)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert</forename>
              <surname>Beekes</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kloekhorst2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6CLAD8LI">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Alwin</forename>
              <surname>Kloekhorst</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="martirosyan2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/EDNDBVND">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 8)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hrach</forename>
              <surname>Martirosyan</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="matasovic2009" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/B5HK3DUW">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 9)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Ranko</forename>
              <surname>Matasović</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2009a</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="wodtko2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/2NHD8WYN">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Dagmar S.</forename>
              <surname>Wodtko</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Britta</forename>
              <surname>Irslinger</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Carolin</forename>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2024">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">The linguistic roots of Ancient Greek.</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2024</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_orrhos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ὄρρος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>órrhos</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_hit_ar_ra_as_arras" xml:lang="hit" type="cognate">
          <orth>𒅈𒊏𒀸</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ar-ra-aš /⁠arraš⁠/</orth>
          </form>
          <def>arse/ass, buttocks</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1ors_o_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁órs-o-s</orth>
          <def>buttocks, arse/ass</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_hy_or" xml:lang="hy" type="cognate">
          <orth>ոռ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>oṙ</orth>
          </form>
          <def>rump</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga-x-middle_err" xml:lang="sga-x-middle" type="cognate">
          <orth>err</orth>
          <def>end, tail; rear of a chariot</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_oura" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>οὐρά</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ourā́</orth>
          </form>
          <def>tail</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_arsaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arsaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>arsaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑr.sɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚱᛊᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>arse/ass, buttocks; rump</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1ors_o_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1ors_o_s">*h₁órs-o-s</ref></mentioned>, a masculine thematic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">o</mentioned>-stem. Cognate with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_grc_orrhos"><ref target="#cog_grc_orrhos">ὄρρος</ref></mentioned> &lt; <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*órsos</mentioned>; related <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_grc_oura"><ref target="#cog_grc_oura">οὐρά</ref></mentioned> reflects <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₁ors-éh₂-</mentioned> <bibl corresp="#beekes2010" n="s.vv. ὄρρος, οὐρά">Beekes 2010: s.vv. ὄρρος, οὐρά</bibl>. Compare Hittite <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_hit_ar_ra_as_arras"><ref target="#cog_hit_ar_ra_as_arras">𒅈𒊏𒀸</ref></mentioned>, Middle Armenian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_hy_or"><ref target="#cog_hy_or">ոռ</ref></mentioned>, and Middle Irish <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_sga-x-middle_err"><ref target="#cog_sga-x-middle_err">err</ref></mentioned>, reflecting an e-grade formation. The initial <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₁</mentioned> is not universally reconstructed; Ringe gives <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*órsos</mentioned>, which yields the same Proto-Germanic form <bibl corresp="#kloekhorst2008" n="199, s.v. (ᵘᶻᵘ)arra-">Kloekhorst 2008: 199, s.v. (ᵘᶻᵘ)arra-</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="35, s.v. arsa-">Kroonen 2013: 35, s.v. arsa-</bibl> <bibl corresp="#martirosyan2010" n="531–32, s.v. oṙ">Martirosyan 2010: 531–32, s.v. oṙ</bibl> <bibl corresp="#matasovic2009" n="118, s.v. errā">Matasović 2009a: 118, s.v. errā</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="89, 170">Ringe 2017: 89, 170</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ringe2024" n="140">Ringe 2024: 140</bibl> <bibl corresp="#wodtko2008" n="246–48, s.v. h₁órs-o-">Wodtko et al. 2008: 246–48, s.v. h₁órs-o-</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>arsaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>arsōz, arsōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>arsą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>arsanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>arsas, arsis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>arsǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>arsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>arsamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>arsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>arsamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>ars</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>arsōz, arsōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ars</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ars</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>āers</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>aars</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>aars</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ars</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ears, ærs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ars, arce, ers, eres, hars, hers, aars</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>arse, ass</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>ers, airse</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ars</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ers</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Iers, Äirs</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ears</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ars</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ars</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ars</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Oasch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Arsch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Aasch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>Aarsch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ars</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ars</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ars</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch Low Saxon</lang>
                        <orth>ars, ors</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Aars</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ars</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>arsur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>ars</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ars</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>ars</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>arsel, arsle</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rass</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>rassur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>rass</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>rass</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>rass</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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