Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *arwītsScott K. ShayWardja Presshttps://protogermanic.org/pgmc_arwīts
Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.
Non-Indo-European root nouns in Germanic: Evidence in support of the Agricultural Substrate HypothesisGuusKroonenRihoGrünthalPetriKallioA linguistic map of prehistoric Northern EuropeHelsinkiSuomalais-Ugrilainen Seura239–2602012bEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)GuusKroonenBrill2013Indo-Slavic lexical isoglosses and the prehistoric dispersal of Indo-Iranian10.1163/9789004731851.Axel I.PalmérLeidenBrill2025Characteristics of Lexemes of a Substratum Origin in Proto-GermanicAljošaŠorgoRomain GarnierLoanwords and substrata: proceedings of the colloquium held in Limoges, 5th-7th June 2018InnsbruckInstitut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck427-722020Sub-Indo-European Europe: Problems, Methods, Results10.1515/9783111337920-001GuusKroonenGuus KroonenA methodological introduction to sub-Indo-European EuropeBerlin & BostonDe Gruyter Mouton1–262024Alternation of diphthong and monophthong in Armenian words of substrate origin10.1515/9783111337920-011RasmusThorsøGuus KroonenSub-Indo-European Europe: Problems, methods, resultsBerlin & BostonDe Gruyter Mouton335–3492024ὄροβοςbitter-vetchervumcultivated vetchἐρέβινθοςchickpeaառուոյտalfalfa*H(a)rab⁽ʰ⁾anTa-chickpearivandchickpearavandchickpearaván(chick)pea
nounfeminineconsonant stempea; a pea plant or its edible seedProbably a loan from a pre-Indo-European agricultural substrate. The worid is a feminine root noun whose irregular correspondences with Latin ervum, Ancient Greek ὄροβος, and especially Ancient Greek ἐρέβινθος favor parallel adaptation of a non-Indo-European crop name rather than inheritance from Proto-Indo-European. Proto-Germanic *-īt- has been compared with pre-Greek -ινθ- and analyzed as a reflex of a substrate suffix *-ṼD- ~ *-VⁿD-; the divergent vocalism and w ~ b correspondence provide further support for borrowing Kroonen 2012b: 242–44Kroonen 2013: 37Šorgo 2020: 434, 457–61. More recent work strengthens the comparison with Middle Armenian առուոյտ and Proto-Iranian *H(a)rab⁽ʰ⁾anTa-, (reconstructed from Shughni rivand, Roshani ravand, and Yazghulami ravánPalmér 2025: 227, 261, suggesting related prehistoric agricultural substrate languages across Europe rather than a reconstructible PIE word Kroonen 2024: 324–27Thorsø 2024: 346–49.