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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *askǭ</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_askǭ</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kloekhorst2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6CLAD8LI">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Alwin</forename>
              <surname>Kloekhorst</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="martirosyan2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/EDNDBVND">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 8)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hrach</forename>
              <surname>Martirosyan</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="conferencePaper" xml:id="yates2022">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">ḫašš- ‘ash’, ḫašša- ‘hearth’, and the properties of non-primary derivatives in Hittite and Indo-European</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Anthony D.</forename>
              <surname>Yates</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Paper presented at the 41st Annual East Coast Indo-European Conference, 24 June 2022</title>
            <imprint>
              <date>2022</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2ed_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂ed-</orth>
          <def>to dry</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_hit_hass" xml:lang="hit" type="cognate">
          <orth>𒄩𒀀𒀸</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ḫāšš-</orth>
          </form>
          <def>ashes, dust</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_asa" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>आस</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ā́sa-</orth>
          </form>
          <def>ashes, dust</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_xcl_aciwn" xml:lang="xcl" type="cognate">
          <orth>աճիւն</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ačiwn</orth>
          </form>
          <def>ashes</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_got_azgo" xml:lang="got" type="reflex">
          <orth>𐌰𐌶𐌲𐍉</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>azgō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>ashes</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2ehs" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂eHs-</orth>
          <def>to be dry, to dry; to burn, to glow; hearth; ashes</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhegwh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰegʷʰ-</orth>
          <def>to burn; warm, hot</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_asko" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/askǭ">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>askǭ</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑs.kɔ̃ː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛊᚲᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ōn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>ash, ashes</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Usually connected with Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ehs"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ehs">*h₂eHs-</ref></mentioned>, but the exact formation is uncertain. Cognate with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_san_asa"><ref target="#cog_san_asa">आस</ref></mentioned> and Hittite <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_hit_hass"><ref target="#cog_hit_hass">𒄩𒀀𒀸</ref></mentioned>; compare also Old Armenian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_xcl_aciwn"><ref target="#cog_xcl_aciwn">աճիւն</ref></mentioned>, probably an enlarged formation in <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">-g-</mentioned> <bibl corresp="#kloekhorst2008" n="318–19">Kloekhorst 2008: 318–19</bibl> <bibl corresp="#martirosyan2010" n="44">Martirosyan 2010: 44</bibl> <bibl corresp="#yates2022" n="slides 2–24">Yates 2022: slides 2–24</bibl>. Northwest Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*askōn-</mentioned> contrasts anomalously with Gothic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_got_azgo"><ref target="#cog_got_azgo">𐌰𐌶𐌲𐍉</ref></mentioned>. Kroonen tentatively explains the divergent <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">-sk-</mentioned> : <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">-zg-</mentioned> by a pre-Germanic compound of <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ed_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ed_x2">*h₂ed-</ref></mentioned> and <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhegwh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhegwh">*dʰegʷʰ-</ref></mentioned>, but regards the phonological development as obscure <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="38">Kroonen 2013: 38</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>askǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>askōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>askōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>askōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>askōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>askōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>askōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>askōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>askōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>askōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>askǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>askōniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*askā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>asca</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>asche</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>as, asch, asse</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>as</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*askā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>æsce, asċe, axe, acse, ahse, axse, æxe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>asshe, axe, aske, ash, assche, aysshe, asche, aisshe, asske, acxe, ass, esche, esk, eshe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>ash</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>ess, asch, ais, as, askis</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*askā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*aske, *eske</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Ääske</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>jiske</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*askā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>asca, aska</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>asche</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Äsche</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Asche</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Äsch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>אַש (ash)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*askā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>aska</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>asche</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Asch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Ausch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>aska</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>øska</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>aska</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>aska</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>aske</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>oske, oska</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>aska</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>askæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>aske</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>aska</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>aska</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>aska</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐌶𐌲𐍉 (azgō)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*ahku, *aho</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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