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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-assuz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_assuz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="fulk2018" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/DLDN5DUK">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert D.</forename>
              <surname>Fulk</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>John Benjamins Publishing Company</publisher>
              <date>2018</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_got_gaibnjan" xml:lang="got" type="reflex">
          <orth>𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>gaibnjan</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to level, to make even</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_got_ibnassus" xml:lang="got" type="reflex">
          <orth>𐌹𐌱𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ibnassus</orth>
          </form>
          <def>equality</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_got_ibns" xml:lang="got" type="reflex">
          <orth>𐌹𐌱𐌽𐍃</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ibns</orth>
          </form>
          <def>even; plain, flat, level</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_tu_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-tu-s</orth>
          <def type="function">forms nouns from verb roots</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_assuz" type="suffix" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-assuz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-assuz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ɑs.suz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛊᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>suffix</pos>
            <gram type="suffixType">noun</gram>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>forms abstract nouns</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From earlier <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-at-tuz</mentioned>, from <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_atjana"><ref target="#pgmc_atjana">*-atjaną</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-tuz </mentioned>(<mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_thuz"><ref target="#pgmc_thuz">*-þuz</ref></mentioned>,  from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tu_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tu_s">*-tu-s</ref></mentioned>). The extension <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-at- </mentioned>was reanalyzed by speakers as part of the root, and the word was then reformulated as a <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">tu</mentioned>-stem. The <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-tt- </mentioned>coronal cluster produced <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ss- </mentioned>(via an intermediate <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ts</mentioned>-) <bibl corresp="#fulk2018" n="113">Fulk 2018: 113</bibl>. This suffix was likely already being used in Proto-Germanic as a general noun-forming suffix rather than being strictly deverbal, as evidenced by Gothic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_got_ibnassus"><ref target="#cog_got_ibnassus">𐌹𐌱𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃</ref></mentioned>, which seemingly came from <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_got_ibns"><ref target="#cog_got_ibns">𐌹𐌱𐌽𐍃</ref></mentioned>, rather than from a verb *𐌹𐌱𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*ibnja</mentioned>n, attested as <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_got_gaibnjan"><ref target="#cog_got_gaibnjan">𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽</ref></mentioned>) <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="325">Ringe 2017: 325</bibl>. Closely related to <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_inassuz"><ref target="#pgmc_inassuz">*-inassuz</ref></mentioned> and probably related to <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_othuz"><ref target="#pgmc_othuz">*-ōþuz</ref></mentioned>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom #sg">
              <orth>-assuz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom #pl">
              <orth>-assiwiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc #sg">
              <orth>-assų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc #pl">
              <orth>-assunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen #sg">
              <orth>-assauz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen #pl">
              <orth>-assiwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat #sg">
              <orth>-assiwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat #pl">
              <orth>-assumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr #sg">
              <orth>-assū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr #pl">
              <orth>-assumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#voc #sg">
              <orth>-assu</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#voc #pl">
              <orth>-assiwiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>-𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃 (-assus)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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