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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *at</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_at</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="fulk2018" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/DLDN5DUK">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert D.</forename>
              <surname>Fulk</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>John Benjamins Publishing Company</publisher>
              <date>2018</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="matasovic2009" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/B5HK3DUW">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 9)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Ranko</forename>
              <surname>Matasović</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2009a</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="de_vaan2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/D3FJ3Q59">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Michiel</forename>
              <surname>de Vaan</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="garnier2014b">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Nouvelles réflexions sur l’effet-Kortlandt</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Romain</forename>
              <surname>Garnier</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Glotta 90</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="page">140–160</biblScope>
              <date>2014b</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_a" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬁</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ā</orth>
          </form>
          <def>at, towards</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_ad" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*ad-</orth>
          <def>to, at, towards</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2ed" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂éd</orth>
          <def>to, at</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_ad" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>ad</orth>
          <def>to</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_a_x2" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>आ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ā́</orth>
          </form>
          <def>near to, towards, to</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_at" type="preposition" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/at">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>at</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑt</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛏ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>preposition</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>at, by; toward, to (with accusative or dative)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ed"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ed">*h₂éd</ref></mentioned>, also conventionally reconstructed as <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*ád</mentioned>. The final dental, usually lost in Proto-Germanic, was retained due to this word being monosyllabic with a short vowel <bibl corresp="#fulk2018" n="121">Fulk 2018: 121</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="168">Ringe 2017: 168</bibl>. Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_ad"><ref target="#cog_lat_ad">ad</ref></mentioned> and Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_ad"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_ad">*ad-</ref></mentioned>. Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_san_a_x2"><ref target="#cog_san_a_x2">आ</ref></mentioned> and Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ave_a"><ref target="#cog_ave_a">𐬁</ref></mentioned> have also been connected: Garnier <bibl corresp="#garnier2014b" n="145–47">Garnier 2014b: 145–47</bibl> derives them from a conditioned allomorph <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂éh₁</mentioned>, developed from <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ed"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ed">*h₂éd</ref></mentioned> through the Kortlandt effect <bibl corresp="#de_vaan2008" n="24">de Vaan 2008: 24</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="39">Kroonen 2013: 39</bibl> <bibl corresp="#matasovic2009" n="24">Matasović 2009a: 24</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="118">Ringe 2017: 118</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>at</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>at</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>at</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ot, æt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>at, et, ed</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>at</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>at</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>at</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>et, it</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>et, it, äät, äit</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>at</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>az, ez</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>at</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>at</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>at</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>at, ad</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>at</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>að</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>åt, at, å</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>at</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>at, āt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>att, åt</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐍄 (at)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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