<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *atstandaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_atstandaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="dunkel2014" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Q3YHENC7">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</title>
            <author>
              <forename>George E.</forename>
              <surname>Dunkel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">2</biblScope>
              <date>2014</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="krahe1969" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6TKE9TIV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hans</forename>
              <surname>Krahe</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Wolfgang</forename>
              <surname>Meid</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1969</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="lehmann1986a" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/SV2QGL7V">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Gothic Etymological Dictionary</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Winfred P.</forename>
              <surname>Lehmann</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>1986a</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="hackstein2023">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">When words coalesce II: Preverb incorporation in Indo-European</title>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1163/22125892-bja10027</idno>
            <author>
              <forename>Olav</forename>
              <surname>Hackstein</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Indo-European Linguistics 11</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="page">1–40</biblScope>
              <date>2023</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_got_atstandan" xml:lang="got" type="reflex">
          <orth>𐌰𐍄𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>atstandan</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to stand near, stand by; approach</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ang_aetstandan" xml:lang="ang" type="reflex">
          <orth>ætstandan</orth>
          <def>to stand at, near, or by</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_at_ta" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>at·tá</orth>
          <def>is, exists</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_astare" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>astāre</orth>
          <def>to stand at, near, or by</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_ad_stare" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>ad-stāre</orth>
          <def>to stand at, near, or by</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_atstandana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/atstandaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>atstandaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˌɑt.ˈstɑn.dɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛏᛊᛏᚨᚾᛞᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 6</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to stand near or by; to be present nearby</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to approach, come near</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_at"><ref target="#pgmc_at">*at</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_standana"><ref target="#pgmc_standana">*standaną</ref></mentioned>. The compound is directly continued by Gothic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_got_atstandan"><ref target="#cog_got_atstandan">𐌰𐍄𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽</ref></mentioned> and Old English <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ang_aetstandan"><ref target="#cog_ang_aetstandan">ætstandan</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#krahe1969" n="37">Krahe &amp; Meid 1969: 37</bibl> <bibl corresp="#lehmann1986a" n="323, s.v. standan">Lehmann 1986a: 323, s.v. standan</bibl>. The combination may be inherited from an older Indo-European preverb–verb collocation: compare Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_astare"><ref target="#cog_lat_astare">astāre</ref></mentioned> &lt; <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_ad_stare"><ref target="#cog_lat_ad_stare">ad-stāre</ref></mentioned> and Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_sga_at_ta"><ref target="#cog_sga_at_ta">at·tá</ref></mentioned>, which Dunkel <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014" n="18" ana="#omit-author">2014: 18</bibl> and Hackstein <bibl corresp="#hackstein2023" n="4" ana="#omit-author">2023: 4</bibl> compare directly with Gothic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_got_atstandan"><ref target="#cog_got_atstandan">𐌰𐍄𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽</ref></mentioned>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>atstandō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>atstandaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>atstandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>atstandizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>atstandaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>atstand</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>atstandazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>atstandaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>atstandidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>atstandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>atstandadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>atstandadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>atstandaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>atstandōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>atstandaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>atstandadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>atstandaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>atstandadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>atstandamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>atstandaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>atstandandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>atstandaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>atstandid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>atstandaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>atstandid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>atstandandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>atstandaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>atstandandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>atstandain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>atstandandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>atstandandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>atstandaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>atstōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>atstōdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>atstōst</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>atstōdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>atstōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>atstōdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>atstōdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>atstōdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>atstōdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>atstōdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>atstōdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>atstōdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>atstōdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>atstōdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>atstōdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>atstōdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>atstandandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>atstadanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>atstandaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>ætstandan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>atstonden</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>azstantan</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐍄𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (atstandan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
