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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *audagaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_audagaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kluge1899" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/ZBBKKDW4">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Nominale Stammbildungslehre der altgermanischen Dialekte</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Friedrich</forename>
              <surname>Kluge</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Max Niemayer</publisher>
              <date>1899</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="lehmann1986a" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/SV2QGL7V">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Gothic Etymological Dictionary</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Winfred P.</forename>
              <surname>Lehmann</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>1986a</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="orel2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/U6EVGQ9E">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vladimir</forename>
              <surname>Orel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="pimenova2022">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Die gotischen Adjektive andanemeigs–andanems ‘empfangend–angenehm’, audags–audahafts ‘glücklich’ und ihre althochdeutschen semantischen Parallelen</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Natalia B.</forename>
              <surname>Pimenova</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Indoevropejskoe âzykoznanie i klassičeskaâ filologiâ 26(2)</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="page">952–968</biblScope>
              <date>2022</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ko_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-ko-s</orth>
          <def type="function">forms deadjectival and desubstantival adjectives denoting the characteristic of, typical of, pertaining to</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_got_audags" xml:lang="got" type="reflex">
          <orth>𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>audags</orth>
          </form>
          <def>blessed</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ang_eadig" xml:lang="ang" type="reflex">
          <orth>ēadig</orth>
          <def>happy, prosperous</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_osx_odag" xml:lang="osx" type="reflex">
          <orth>ōdag</orth>
          <def>rich, happy</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_goh_otag" xml:lang="goh" type="reflex">
          <orth>ōtag</orth>
          <def>rich</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_non_audigr" xml:lang="non" type="reflex">
          <orth>auðigr</orth>
          <def>rich, opulent</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_audagaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/audagaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>audagaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑu̯.ðɑ.ɣɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚢᛞᚨᚷᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>wealthy, rich; prosperous</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>fortunate, happy; blessed</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_audaz"><ref target="#pgmc_audaz">*audaz</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_gaz"><ref target="#pgmc_gaz">*-gaz</ref></mentioned>, literally ‘possessing wealth or prosperity’ <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="40, s.v. *auda-">Kroonen 2013: 40, s.v. *auda-</bibl>. The suffix continues Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ko_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ko_s">*-ko-s</ref></mentioned>. Gothic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_got_audags"><ref target="#cog_got_audags">𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃</ref></mentioned>, Old English <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ang_eadig"><ref target="#cog_ang_eadig">ēadig</ref></mentioned>, Old Saxon <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_osx_odag"><ref target="#cog_osx_odag">ōdag</ref></mentioned>, and Old High German <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_goh_otag"><ref target="#cog_goh_otag">ōtag</ref></mentioned> support its reconstruction <bibl corresp="#kluge1899" n="99">Kluge 1899: 99</bibl> <bibl corresp="#lehmann1986a" n="47, s.v. audags">Lehmann 1986a: 47, s.v. audags</bibl>. Old Norse <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_non_audigr"><ref target="#cog_non_audigr">auðigr</ref></mentioned> may continue a parallel <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*audigaz</mentioned>, as Orel <bibl corresp="#orel2003" n="28–29" ana="#omit-author">2003: 28–29</bibl> reconstructs, or reflect later remodeling with productive <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-igaz</mentioned>. ‘Wealthy, prosperous’ is probably primary; ‘fortunate, happy, blessed’ developed through the association of prosperity with good fortune <bibl corresp="#pimenova2022" n="957–58">Pimenova 2022: 957–58</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>audagaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>audagō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>audagą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>audagai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>audagôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>audagō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>audaganǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>audagǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>audagą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>audaganz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>audagōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>audagō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>audagas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>audagaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>audagas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>audagaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>audagaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>audagaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>audagammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>audagaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>audagammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>audagaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>audagaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>audagaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>audaganō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>audagaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>audaganō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>audagaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>audagaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>audagaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>audagô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>audagǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>audagô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>audaganiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>audagōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>audagōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>audaganų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>audagōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>audagô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>audaganunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>audagōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>audagōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>audaginiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>audagōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>audaginiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>audaganǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>audagōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>audaganǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>audagini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>audagōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>audagini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>audagammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>audagōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>audagammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>audaginē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>audagōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>audaginē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>audagammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>audagōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>audagammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*audag</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ōtag</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ōdag</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*audag</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ēadiġ, ēadeġ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>edy, hedy, eadi, eædi, eddi, edi</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>auðigr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>auðugur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 (audags)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*autugas</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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