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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *augijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_augijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="orel2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/U6EVGQ9E">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vladimir</forename>
              <surname>Orel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="pronk2015" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/3VW7IXUY">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Singulative n-stems in Indo-European</title>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1111/1467-968X.12058</idno>
            <author>
              <forename>Tijmen</forename>
              <surname>Pronk</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Transactions of the Philological Society, 113</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="volume">113</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="page">327-348</biblScope>
              <date>2015</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="wodtko2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/2NHD8WYN">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Dagmar S.</forename>
              <surname>Wodtko</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Britta</forename>
              <surname>Irslinger</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Carolin</forename>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_oculus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>oculus</orth>
          <def>eye</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_aksi" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अक्षि</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ákṣi</orth>
          </form>
          <def>eye</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_xcl_akn" xml:lang="xcl" type="cognate">
          <orth>ակն</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>akn</orth>
          </form>
          <def>eye</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_osse" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ὄσσε</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ósse</orth>
          </form>
          <def>eyes</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h3ekw" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₃ekʷ-</orth>
          <def>to see; eye</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_augijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/augijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>augijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑu̯.ɣi.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚢᚷᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to show, display; cause to see</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably from <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_augo"><ref target="#pgmc_augo">*augô</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_i_jana_1"><ref target="#pgmc_i_jana_1">*-(i)janą¹</ref></mentioned>, a Weak class 1 denominal verb, with the sense ‘make visible, bring to attention’ &gt; ‘show’. Kroonen <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="41" ana="#omit-author">2013: 41</bibl> and Orel <bibl corresp="#orel2003" n="28">Orel 2003: 28</bibl> explicitly derive <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*augijaną</mentioned> from the noun; Kroonen further analyzes doublet <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_augnijana"><ref target="#pgmc_augnijana">*augnijaną</ref></mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> </mentioned>as a secondary formation to the nasal weak stem of the<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> n</mentioned>-stem noun. The nominal base belongs to Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3ekw"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3ekw">*h₃ekʷ-</ref></mentioned>, with cognates including Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_oculus"><ref target="#cog_lat_oculus">oculus</ref></mentioned>, Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_san_aksi"><ref target="#cog_san_aksi">अक्षि</ref></mentioned>, Old Armenian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_xcl_akn"><ref target="#cog_xcl_akn">ակն</ref></mentioned>, and Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_grc_osse"><ref target="#cog_grc_osse">ὄσσε</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#pronk2015" n="329–30">Pronk 2015: 329–30</bibl> <bibl corresp="#wodtko2008" n="370–73">Wodtko et al. 2008: 370–73</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>augijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>augijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>augijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>augīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>augijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>augī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>augijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>augijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>augīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>augijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>augijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>augijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>augijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>augijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>augijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>augijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>augijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>augijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>augijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>augijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>augijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>augijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>augīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>augijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>augīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>augijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>augijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>augijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>augijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>augijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>augijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>augijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>augidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>augidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>augidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>augidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>augidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>augidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>augidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>augidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>augidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>augidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>augidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>augidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>augidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>augidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>augidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>augidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>augijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>augidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>augijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*augijan, *auwjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ēowan, īewan, īwan, ȳwan</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>āuwa, āwa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*augijan, *auwjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ōgen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ôgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>ogen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*augijan, *auwjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ougen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>öugen, ougen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>äugen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*augijan, *auwjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ōgian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ö̂gen, öugen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>ögen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*augijan, *auwjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ōgian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ö̂gen, öugen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>ö̂gelen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>ogle</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>ögeln</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>eygja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>eygja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>øygja, øygje</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>ø̄ghia</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (augjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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