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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *augô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_augô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="neri2009">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Rezensionsaufsatz: Ringe, Don, A linguistic history of English. Volume I: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic</title>
            <idno type="DOI">10.29091/KRATYLOS/2009/1/1</idno>
            <author>
              <forename>Sergio</forename>
              <surname>Neri</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Kratylos 54(1)</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="page">1–13</biblScope>
              <date>2009</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="luhr2017">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen VI</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Rosemarie</forename>
              <surname>Lühr</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="schaffner2001">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Das Vernersche Gesetz und der innerparadigmatische grammatische Wechsel des Urgermanischen im Nominalbereich</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Stefan</forename>
              <surname>Schaffner</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Innsbruck</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck</publisher>
              <date>2001</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="handout" xml:id="hackstein2024">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Tocharian lexemes for ‘belly’, ‘beaming’ &amp; ‘burly’</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Olav</forename>
              <surname>Hackstein</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">43rd East Coast Indo-European Conference, University of Georgia, Athens, GA</title>
            <imprint>
              <date>2024</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h3ekw" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₃ekʷ-</orth>
          <def>to see; eye</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h3okw_on_h3okw_en_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₃okʷ-ṓn ~ *h₃okʷ-én-s</orth>
          <def>eye</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h3okw_i_h1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₃okʷ-i(h₁)</orth>
          <def>the two eyes</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_augo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/augô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>augô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑu̯.ɣɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚢᚷᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>eye</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p"><mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> </mentioned>From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3okw_on_h3okw_en_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3okw_on_h3okw_en_s">*h₃okʷ-ṓn ~ *h₃okʷ-én-s</ref></mentioned>, an <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">n</mentioned>-stem ultimately belonging to the root <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3ekw"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3ekw">*h₃ekʷ-</ref></mentioned>. The inherited paradigm produced several pre-Germanic stem variants that were subsequently remodeled. The old dual <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3okw_i_h1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3okw_i_h1">*h₃okʷ-i(h₁)</ref></mentioned> is probably reflected in Old High German <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">awi- </mentioned><bibl corresp="#neri2009" n="8">Neri 2009: 8</bibl>, while the <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">n</mentioned>-stem produced an intraparadigmatic alternation underlying pre-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*ag- ~ *au-</mentioned> <bibl corresp="#luhr2017" n="s.v. ouga">Lühr 2017: s.v. ouga</bibl> <bibl corresp="#schaffner2001" n="581 n. 314">Schaffner 2001: 581 n. 314</bibl>. Hackstein <bibl corresp="#hackstein2024" n="7 n. 2" ana="#omit-author">2024: 7 n. 2</bibl> attributes to Sergio Neri a more explicit analysis whereby PIE <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₃okʷ-ón-/-n-´ </mentioned>yielded the Germanic variants <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*agan-</mentioned>/<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*aun-</mentioned>/<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*awin-</mentioned>, which were remodeled by bidirectional paradigm leveling to <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*augan-</mentioned>/<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">augin-</mentioned>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>augô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>augōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>augô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>augōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>auginiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>auganǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>augini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>augammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>auginē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>augammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>augô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>augōnō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*augā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ōga, ouga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ôge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>oog</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>oug</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*augā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ēage, ēge</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>eye, e, eȝe, ei, eie, eighe, eyghe, eyȝe, iȝe, yȝe, ye, yë, yghe, eȝhe, ehe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>eye</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*augā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ēage, ēge</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>eye, e, eȝe, ei, eie, eighe, eyghe, eyȝe, iȝe, yȝe, ye, yë, yghe, eȝhe, ehe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>ee, e, E, ei, eie, eye, eae, eee, ie</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>ee, eh</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*augā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>āge, āg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Oge, Ooge</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>each</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*augā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ouga, ouca, auca</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ouge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Aug</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Aug</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Ooch, Auch, Au</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Auge</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>אויג (oyg)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*augā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ōga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ôge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Uag</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*augā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ōga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ôge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Oge</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Oog</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚨᚢᚷᛟ (*augo)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>auga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>eyga</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>auga</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                      <orth>ouge</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                      <orth>auga, aua, aue, auwe, ouwe, ouga</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>auga</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>yva</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚨᚢᚷᛟ (*augo)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>auga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>ø̄ghæ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>øje</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>øye</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚨᚢᚷᛟ (*augo)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>auga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>ø̄gha</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>öga</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Finnish</lang>
                          <orth>ööga</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 (augō)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>oeghene</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*aukko</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Estonian</lang>
                    <orth>auk</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>aukko</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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