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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *aukô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_aukô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="orel2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/U6EVGQ9E">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vladimir</forename>
              <surname>Orel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="rix2001" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/TCS87M9Q">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Helmut</forename>
              <surname>Rix</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Martin</forename>
              <surname>Kümmel</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Thomas</forename>
              <surname>Zehnder</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Reiner</forename>
              <surname>Lipp</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Brigitte</forename>
              <surname>Schirmer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Wiesbaden</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Reichert</publisher>
              <date>2001</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="wodtko2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/2NHD8WYN">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Dagmar S.</forename>
              <surname>Wodtko</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Britta</forename>
              <surname>Irslinger</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Carolin</forename>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="prosper2006">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Soz auku arestalo tamai: La segunda línea del bronce de Botorrita y el anafórico celtibérico</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Blanca María</forename>
              <surname>Prósper</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Palaeohispanica 6</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="page">139–150</biblScope>
              <date>2006</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="bookSection" xml:id="bammesberger1999">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Der Anfang der Botorrita Inschrift</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Alfred</forename>
              <surname>Bammesberger</surname>
            </author>
            <editor>
              <surname>Arndt Wigger</surname>
            </editor>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Akten des zweiten deutschen Keltologen-Symposiums</title>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>De Gruyter</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="page">23–31</biblScope>
              <date>1999</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2ewg" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂ewg-</orth>
          <def>to increase, become strong</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_augmen" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>augmen</orth>
          <def>increase, addition</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2eug_u" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂eug-u-</orth>
          <def>strong, firm</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_auko" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aukô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>aukô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑu̯.kɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚢᚲᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>increase, addition</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">A masculine <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">n</mentioned>-stem from the root <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*auk-</mentioned> of <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_aukana"><ref target="#pgmc_aukana">*aukaną</ref></mentioned>, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European root <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ewg"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ewg">*h₂ewg-</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#orel2003" n="29">Orel 2003: 29</bibl> <bibl corresp="#rix2001" n="274–75">Rix et al. 2001: 274–75</bibl>. Its deeper antiquity is uncertain: Wodtko and colleagues <bibl corresp="#wodtko2008" n="328–29" ana="#omit-author">2008: 328–29</bibl> list the Germanic formation as <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂áu̯g-e/on-</mentioned>. Bammesberger <bibl corresp="#bammesberger1999" n="23–31" ana="#omit-author">1999: 23–31</bibl> proposes an inherited PIE <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*aug-ō(n)-</mentioned>, comparing Celtiberian <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">auku</mentioned>, which he glosses as approximately ‘yield, produce’, but Prósper <bibl corresp="#prosper2006" n="144–46" ana="#omit-author">2006: 144–46</bibl> argues that Celtiberian <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">auku</mentioned> instead continues the PIE neuter <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">u</mentioned>-stem adjective <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2eug_u"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2eug_u">*h₂eug-u-</ref></mentioned> and that the inherited PIE noun was the <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">s</mentioned>-stem <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂eug-os-</mentioned>; on this analysis the Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">n</mentioned>-stem is an innovation. Compare the root-related Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_augmen"><ref target="#cog_lat_augmen">augmen</ref></mentioned>. No secure exact non-Germanic cognate of the <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">n</mentioned>-stem is known.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>aukô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>aukaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>aukanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>aukanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>aukiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>aukanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>aukini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>aukammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>aukinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>aukammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>aukô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>aukaniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aukō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ēaca</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>eke, eche</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>eke</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>eke, eik</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aukō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>āka</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>auki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>eyki</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>auki</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*āvkkē</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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