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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *aukōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_aukōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="seebold1970" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/9HKTRG39">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Elmar</forename>
              <surname>Seebold</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Series Practica</title>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Mouton</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">85</biblScope>
              <date>1970</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="document" xml:id="kummel2011_2026">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Martin J.</forename>
              <surname>Kümmel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Jena</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Friedrich-Schiller-Universität</publisher>
              <date>2011-2026</date>
              <note>Last modified 16 June 2026</note>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2ewg" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂ewg-</orth>
          <def>to increase, become strong</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_aukona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aukōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>aukōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑu̯.kɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚢᚲᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to increase, to grow</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably a secondary Weak class 2 formation beside <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_aukana"><ref target="#pgmc_aukana">*aukaną</ref></mentioned>, with productive <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_ona"><ref target="#pgmc_ona">*-ōną</ref></mentioned>; alternatively, it may have been formed denominatively from <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_auko"><ref target="#pgmc_auko">*aukô</ref></mentioned>. Seebold <bibl corresp="#seebold1970" n="84" ana="#omit-author">1970: 84</bibl> reconstructs <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*auk-ō-</mentioned> specifically as probably secondary to the strong verb, consistent with the development of Weak class 2 <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ō-</mentioned> into a productive suffix with deverbative as well as denominative functions <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="200, 284–85">Ringe 2017: 200, 284–85</bibl>. The base <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_aukana"><ref target="#pgmc_aukana">*aukaną</ref></mentioned> continues Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂éwg-e/o-</mentioned>, from root <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ewg"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ewg">*h₂ewg-</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#kummel2011_2026" n="40, s.v. *h₂eu̯g-">Kümmel 2011-2026: 40, s.v. *h₂eu̯g-</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>aukō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>aukǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aukōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aukōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aukō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aukōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aukō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aukōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>aukōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>aukōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>aukōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>aukōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>aukōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>aukōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>aukōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aukōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aukōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aukōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aukōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aukōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aukōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>aukōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aukōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aukōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aukōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aukōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>aukōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>aukōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aukōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aukōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aukōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aukōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>aukōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>aukōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aukōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aukōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aukōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aukōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>aukōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>aukōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>aukōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>aukōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>aukōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>aukōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aukōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aukōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aukōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aukōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>aukōną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>aukōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>aukōdaz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aukōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ōkon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ôken</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aukōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ēacian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>eken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>eke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aukōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ouhhōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ouchen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>auka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>eyka</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>auka</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>auka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>auka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>auke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>auka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>økæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>øga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>auka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>økæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>øge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Faroese</lang>
                        <orth>økja</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>øke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>auka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>ø̄ka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>öka</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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