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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *austrą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_austrą_1</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="de_vries1977" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MIN5YP8Q">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Altnordisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Jan</forename>
              <surname>de Vries</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>1977</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="luhr2017">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen VI</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Rosemarie</forename>
              <surname>Lühr</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_non_austr" xml:lang="non" type="reflex">
          <orth>austr</orth>
          <def>east</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_austra_1" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/austrą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>austrą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑu̯s.trɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚢᛊᛏᚱᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>east</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably a substantivized neuter of the <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*austra-</mentioned> directional formation represented by <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_austraz_1"><ref target="#pgmc_austraz_1">*austraz¹</ref></mentioned>; compare Old Norse <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_non_austr"><ref target="#cog_non_austr">austr</ref></mentioned>. It should be distinguished historically from the short *<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">austa-</mentioned> formation, which EWA derives independently from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂ews(-s)-to-</mentioned> <bibl corresp="#de_vries1977" n="s.v. austr">de Vries 1977: s.v. austr</bibl> <bibl corresp="#luhr2017" n="s.vv. ôst, ôstar">Lühr 2017: s.vv. ôst, ôstar</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>austrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>austrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>austrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>austrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>austras, austris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>austrǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>austrai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>austramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>austrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>austramiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>austrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>austrō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*austr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ōst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>oost</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>oost</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>oos</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*austr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ōst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>oost</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>oost</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>oosten</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                            <orth>ooste</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*austr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ēast, ēaste</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>est</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>east</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>eist, aist</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*austr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>âsta, âst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Aaste</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>east</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*austr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*ōst, ōstara, ōstra</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ōst</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Ost</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Oste</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*austr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*ōst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ōst, ōste, oist</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Oost</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛅᚢᛋᛏᚱ (austr)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>eystur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>austur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛅᚢᛋᛏᚱ (austr)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>aust, auster, aust’u, aust’e</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>aust</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛅᚢᛋᛏᚱ (austr)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>øst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>øster, øst</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>øst</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>øst</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛅᚢᛋᛏᚱ (austr)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>ø̄ster</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>öster</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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