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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *auþijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_auþijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="heidermanns1993" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/FEH4HY4N">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica 33)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Frank</forename>
              <surname>Heidermanns</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1993</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="aikio2024">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Are there Proto-Slavic loanwords in Saami?</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Ante</forename>
              <surname>Aikio</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen 69</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="page">5–40</biblScope>
              <date>2024</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_non_eyda" xml:lang="non" type="reflex">
          <orth>eyða</orth>
          <def>to waste, destroy, lay waste, desolate</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_goh_oden" xml:lang="goh" type="reflex">
          <orth>*ōden</orth>
          <def>to destroy, desolate</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ang_iethan" xml:lang="ang" type="reflex">
          <orth>īeþan</orth>
          <def>to desolate, devastate, depopulate</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ang_ythan" xml:lang="ang" type="reflex">
          <orth>ȳþan</orth>
          <def>to desolate, devastate, depopulate</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_smi-x-proto_avtheje" xml:lang="smi-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*āvϑe̮je̮-</orth>
          <def>to clear, remove obstructions</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_authijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/auþijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>auþijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑu̯.θi.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚢᚦᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to make empty or desolate; to lay waste, destroy</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_authijaz"><ref target="#pgmc_authijaz">*auþijaz</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_i_jana_1"><ref target="#pgmc_i_jana_1">*-(i)janą¹</ref></mentioned>, literally ‘to make empty or desolate’. Compare Old Norse <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_non_eyda"><ref target="#cog_non_eyda">eyða</ref></mentioned>, Old English <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ang_iethan"><ref target="#cog_ang_iethan">īeþan</ref></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ang_ythan"><ref target="#cog_ang_ythan">ȳþan</ref></mentioned>, and Old High German <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_goh_oden"><ref target="#cog_goh_oden">*ōden</ref></mentioned>. Proto-Norse <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*auþja-</mentioned> was also borrowed into Proto-Samic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_smi-x-proto_avtheje"><ref target="#cog_smi-x-proto_avtheje">*āvϑe̮je̮-</ref></mentioned>, confirming the antiquity of the formation and its factitive sense <bibl corresp="#aikio2024" n="16–17">Aikio 2024: 16–17</bibl> <bibl corresp="#heidermanns1993" n="111">Heidermanns 1993: 111</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="43">Kroonen 2013: 43</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>auþijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>auþijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>auþijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>auþīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>auþijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>auþī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>auþijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>auþijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>auþīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>auþijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>auþijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>auþijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>auþijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>auþijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>auþijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>auþijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>auþijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>auþijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>auþijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>auþijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>auþijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>auþijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>auþīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>auþijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>auþīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>auþijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>auþijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>auþijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>auþijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>auþijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>auþijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>auþijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>auþidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>auþidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>auþidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>auþidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>auþidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>auþidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>auþidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>auþidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>auþidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>auþidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>auþidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>auþidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>auþidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>auþidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>auþidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>auþidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>auþijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>auþidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>auþijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*auþijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>īeþan, ȳþan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*auþijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*ōden</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>öden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>öden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>eyða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>oyða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>eyða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>øyda</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>eyða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>ø̄þa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>öda</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*āvϑe̮je̮-</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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