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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *awahaimaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_awahaimaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="boutkan2005" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/H2FUHSIS">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 1)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Dirk</forename>
              <surname>Boutkan</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Sjoerd M.</forename>
              <surname>Siebinga</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2005</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="lehmann1986a" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/SV2QGL7V">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Gothic Etymological Dictionary</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Winfred P.</forename>
              <surname>Lehmann</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>1986a</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ref1997" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/2GXPBSTX">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</title>
            <editor>
              <forename>James P.</forename>
              <surname>Mallory</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Douglas Q.</forename>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
            </editor>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers</publisher>
              <date>1997</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_avunculus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>avunculus</orth>
          <def>maternal uncle</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_avynas" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>avýnas</orth>
          <def>maternal uncle</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_cu_uj" xml:lang="cu" type="cognate">
          <orth>ujь</orth>
          <def>maternal uncle</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_ewythr" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>ewythr</orth>
          <def>uncle</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2ewh2os" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂éwh₂os</orth>
          <def>maternal grandfather, maternal uncle</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_tad_cu" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>tad cu</orth>
          <def>grandfather (literally ‘dear father’)</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_awahaimaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/awahaimaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>awahaimaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑ.wɑ.ˌxɑi̯.mɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚹᚨᚺᚨᛁᛗᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>maternal uncle; mother’s brother</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From earlier <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*awun-haima-</mentioned>, a compound of the<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> n</mentioned>-stem <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*awun-</mentioned>/<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*awan-</mentioned> (belonging to <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_awo"><ref target="#pgmc_awo">*awô</ref></mentioned>) + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_haimaz"><ref target="#pgmc_haimaz">*haimaz</ref></mentioned>, originally probably ‘one living in or belonging to the maternal grandfather’s household’ <bibl corresp="#boutkan2005" n="86–87, s.v. em">Boutkan &amp; Siebinga 2005: 86–87, s.v. em</bibl> <bibl corresp="#lehmann1986a" n="53, s.v. *awo">Lehmann 1986a: 53, s.v. *awo</bibl>. The interpretation of the second constituent as <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_haimaz"><ref target="#pgmc_haimaz">*haimaz</ref></mentioned> is generally preferred, though comparison with Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_cym_tad_cu"><ref target="#cog_cym_tad_cu">tad cu</ref></mentioned> has prompted an alternative interpretation ‘dear’ <bibl corresp="#boutkan2005" n="87">Boutkan &amp; Siebinga 2005: 87</bibl>. The first constituent ultimately continues Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ewh2os"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ewh2os">*h₂éwh₂os</ref></mentioned>; compare Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_avunculus"><ref target="#cog_lat_avunculus">avunculus</ref></mentioned>, Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lit_avynas"><ref target="#cog_lit_avynas">avýnas</ref></mentioned>, Old Church Slavonic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_cu_uj"><ref target="#cog_cu_uj">ujь</ref></mentioned>, and Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_cym_ewythr"><ref target="#cog_cym_ewythr">ewythr</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#ref1997" n="238">Mallory &amp; Adams 1997: 238</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>awahaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>awahaimōz, awahaimōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>awahaimą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>awahaimanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>awahaimas, awahaimis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>awahaimǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>awahaimai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>awahaimamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>awahaimō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>awahaimamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>awahaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>awahaimōz, awahaimōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*auhaim</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ōm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ôom</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>ome</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*auhaim</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ōm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ôom</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>oom, ome, noom</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>oom</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>English</lang>
                            <orth>oom</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*auhaim</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ēam</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>em, eam, eem, eeme, eme, heme, nem, æem, æm, eom, heam, yem, eame, eyme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>eam, eme</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>eme</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*auhaim</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ām, āme, ēm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ohm</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Oom</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>iem, yem, yeme</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*auhaim</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ōheim</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ōheim, ōhem, ōem</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Oheim, Ohm, Oehm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*auhaim</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*ōhēm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ōhem, ōm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Ohm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Oom</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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