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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *awistrą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_awistrą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="krahe1969" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6TKE9TIV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hans</forename>
              <surname>Krahe</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Wolfgang</forename>
              <surname>Meid</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1969</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="lehmann1986a" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/SV2QGL7V">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Gothic Etymological Dictionary</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Winfred P.</forename>
              <surname>Lehmann</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>1986a</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="albert_l_lloyd1998">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen II</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Albert L.</forename>
              <surname>Lloyd</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Rosemarie</forename>
              <surname>Lühr</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Otto</forename>
              <surname>Springer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht</publisher>
              <date>1998</date>
              <note type="url">https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/de</note>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="conferencePresentaion" xml:id="scheungraber2023">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Root extensions and root compounds, dh-presents and univerbations of syntagms  with PIE *dheh1- ‘put’ (and *deh3- ‘give’, *sed- ‘sit’, *steh2- ‘stand’ respectively) in Germanic and Indo-European</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Corinna</forename>
              <surname>Scheungraber</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Paper presented at Lautwandel und morphologische Analogie (IG-AT2023), Sept. 13, 2023, Cologne, Germany</title>
            <imprint>
              <date>2023</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_steh2_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*steh₂-</orth>
          <def>to stand (up)</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_gostha" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>गोष्ठ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>goṣṭhá-</orth>
          </form>
          <def>cow pen, cattle stall</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gwow" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʷow-</orth>
          <def>cow</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_sth2_o" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*sth₂-o-</orth>
          <def>stand</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_awistra" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/awistrą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>awistrą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑ.wis.trɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚹᛁᛊᛏᚱᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>sheepfold, sheep pen; an enclosure or stall for sheep</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_awiz"><ref target="#pgmc_awiz">*awiz</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-st(r)ą</mentioned>, a denominal place-forming element <bibl corresp="#krahe1969" n="170">Krahe &amp; Meid 1969: 170</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="45">Kroonen 2013: 45</bibl>. Probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_steh2_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_steh2_x2">*steh₂-</ref></mentioned>: Kroonen <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="45" ana="#omit-author">2013: 45</bibl> analyzes the corresponding <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-st(r)a-</mentioned> formation in this way, and Scheungraber <bibl corresp="#scheungraber2023" ana="#omit-author">2023</bibl> reconstructs pre-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂eui-sth₂(r)o-</mentioned> as a possible univerbation or root compound with <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_steh2_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_steh2_x2">*steh₂-</ref></mentioned>. Compare Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_san_gostha"><ref target="#cog_san_gostha">गोष्ठ</ref></mentioned>, a closely parallel formation from <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwow"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwow">*gʷow-</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_sth2_o"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_sth2_o">*sth₂-o-</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#albert_l_lloyd1998" n="s.v. ewist">Lloyd et al. 1998: s.v. ewist</bibl>. The Germanic alternation <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">-st- ~ -str-</mentioned> remains problematic <bibl corresp="#lehmann1986a" n="53, s.v. *awistr">Lehmann 1986a: 53, s.v. *awistr</bibl>; the latter may contain an additional <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-tro-</mentioned> element <bibl corresp="#albert_l_lloyd1998" n="s.v. ewist">Lloyd et al. 1998: s.v. ewist</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>awistrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>awistrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>awistrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>awistrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>awistras, awistris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>awistrǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>awistrai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>awistramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>awistrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>awistramiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>awistrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>awistrō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*awist(r)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ēowestre, ēwestre</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*awist(r)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ēstra, ēster</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>jister, juster</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*awist(r)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ewist, ouwist</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>*owist, oist</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Äugst, Äust</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂 (awistr)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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