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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *awjō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_awjō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="beekes1998" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/J3YD7U2V">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">The origin of Latin aqua, and of teutā ‘people’</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert S.P.</forename>
              <surname>Beekes</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Journal of Indo-European Studies</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="volume">26</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="issue">3–4</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="page">459–466</biblScope>
              <date>1998</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="lloyd1988" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/ACDVS4LZ">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch [Old High German dictionary</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Albert L.</forename>
              <surname>Lloyd</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Otto</forename>
              <surname>Springer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">Vols. 1–5</biblScope>
              <date>1988</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_aqua" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>aqua</orth>
          <def>water</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2ep" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂ep-</orth>
          <def>water; body of water</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2ekweh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂ékʷeh₂</orth>
          <def>(flowing) water</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_awjo_x2" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/awjō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>awjō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑu̯.jɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚹᛃᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>wetland; floodplain, meadow</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>island</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*ahwjā́</mentioned>, a <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">jō</mentioned>-stem derivative of <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_ahwo"><ref target="#pgmc_ahwo">*ahwō</ref></mentioned>; Ringe <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="130" ana="#omit-author">2017: 130</bibl> reconstructs the development<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> *ah</mentioned>ʷ<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">jā́</mentioned> &gt; <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*ag</mentioned>ʷ<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">jā́</mentioned> &gt; Proto-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*aujō</mentioned> (here <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*awjō</mentioned>), while Kroonen <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="41–42" ana="#omit-author">2013: 41–42</bibl> projects the formation as <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂ekʷ-iéh₂</mentioned>. Ultimately associated with <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ekweh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ekweh2">*h₂ékʷeh₂</ref></mentioned>, also underlying Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_aqua"><ref target="#cog_lat_aqua">aqua</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#lloyd1988" n="s.v. aha¹">Lloyd &amp; Springer 1988: s.v. aha¹</bibl>. The deeper origin of this restricted Germanic–Italic word is disputed: Beekes <bibl corresp="#beekes1998" n="459–61" ana="#omit-author">1998: 459–61</bibl> considers it an Old European substrate word, whereas Kroonen tentatively connects it with PIE <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ep"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ep">*h₂ep-</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="7, s.v. *ahwō-">Kroonen 2013: 7, s.v. *ahwō-</bibl>. See <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_ahwo"><ref target="#pgmc_ahwo">*ahwō</ref></mentioned> for further discussion.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>awjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>awjôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>awjǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>awjōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>awjōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>awjǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>awjōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>awjōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>awjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>awjōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>awjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>awjôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*auwju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ōi, *owe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ooy, ouwe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>Ooij, unknown: ooibos, landouw</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*auwju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>īeġ, ēġ, īġ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ei, i, ie</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>ey</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*auwju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ā</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Äi</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*auwju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ouwa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ouwe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Au, Aue</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>A</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*auwju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ōia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ouwe, ou, ow, ō</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Oie</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚨᚢᛃᚢ (*auju)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>ey, ᚢ (u)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>-ey, -ay</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>oyggj, oy</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>oy</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>ey, eyja</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚨᚢᛃᚢ (*auju)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>ey, ᚢ (u)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>ø</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>oe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚨᚢᛃᚢ (*auju)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>ey, ᚢ (u)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>øy</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>øy</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚨᚢᛃᚢ (*auju)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>ey, ᚢ (u)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>ø̄</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>ö</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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