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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-az</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_az_2</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="krahe1969" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6TKE9TIV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hans</forename>
              <surname>Krahe</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Wolfgang</forename>
              <surname>Meid</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1969</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_az_2" type="suffix" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-az</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>suffix</pos>
            <gram type="suffixType">noun</gram>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>agent suffix</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From the Proto-Indo-European oxytone thematic agent-noun suffix  <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ó-s</mentioned>, consisting historically of the accented thematic suffix <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ó-</mentioned> and the nominative singular ending <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-s</mentioned>. Only limited remnants remained as a productive simplex agent-noun type in Proto-Germanic, though such formations survived more readily as second constituents of compounds <bibl corresp="#krahe1969" n="58–59">Krahe &amp; Meid 1969: 58–59</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="73–75, 324">Ringe 2017: 73–75, 324</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom #sg">
              <orth>-az</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom #pl">
              <orth>-ōz, -ōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc #sg">
              <orth>-ą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc #pl">
              <orth>-anz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen #sg">
              <orth>-as, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen #pl">
              <orth>-ǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat #sg">
              <orth>-ai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat #pl">
              <orth>-amaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr #sg">
              <orth>-ō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr #pl">
              <orth>-amiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#voc #sg">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#voc #pl">
              <orth>-ōz, -ōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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