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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-az</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_az_3</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="fulk2018" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/DLDN5DUK">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert D.</forename>
              <surname>Fulk</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>John Benjamins Publishing Company</publisher>
              <date>2018</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="krahe1969" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6TKE9TIV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hans</forename>
              <surname>Krahe</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Wolfgang</forename>
              <surname>Meid</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1969</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_o_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-o-s</orth>
          <def type="function">forms action nouns or result nouns from roots</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_az_3" type="suffix" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-az</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>suffix</pos>
            <gram type="suffixType">noun</gram>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">z-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>forms the direct stem of neuter z-stem nouns</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From the strong-stem suffix <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_o_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_o_s">*-o-s</ref></mentioned> of Proto-Indo-European acrostatic neuter s-stems, alternating with <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-es-</mentioned> in the weak stem. The resulting Proto-Germanic alternation was generally <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-az ~ *-iz-</mentioned>, as in <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_segaz"><ref target="#pgmc_segaz">*segaz</ref></mentioned> <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">~ *sigiziz</mentioned>. The inherited class survived in a substantial number of nouns but was probably no longer productive in Proto-Germanic <bibl corresp="#fulk2018" n="176–78">Fulk 2018: 176–78</bibl> <bibl corresp="#krahe1969" n="131–33">Krahe &amp; Meid 1969: 131–33</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="149, 222–24, 310–11, 324">Ringe 2017: 149, 222–24, 310–11, 324</bibl>. </seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom #sg">
              <orth>-az</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom #pl">
              <orth>-izō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc #sg">
              <orth>-az</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc #pl">
              <orth>-izō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen #sg">
              <orth>-iziz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen #pl">
              <orth>-izǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat #sg">
              <orth>-izi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat #pl">
              <orth>-izumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr #sg">
              <orth>-izē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr #pl">
              <orth>-izumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#voc #sg">
              <orth>-az</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#voc #pl">
              <orth>-izō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
        </entry>
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