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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-az</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_az_4</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="krahe1969" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6TKE9TIV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hans</forename>
              <surname>Krahe</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Wolfgang</forename>
              <surname>Meid</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1969</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_az_4" type="suffix" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-az</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>suffix</pos>
            <gram type="suffixType">adj</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>forms primary deverbal adjectives, particularly active, agentive, or resultative adjectives</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From the Proto-Indo-European adjective formation in <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ó-s</mentioned>, formed by adding this suffix directly to verbal roots. The suffix could form adjectives from a variety of root ablaut grade variations. The resulting adjectives could express an active or agentive property, or a state resulting from the verbal action. While the suffix survived in Proto-Germanic, it was not productive in the language <bibl corresp="#krahe1969" n="60–61">Krahe &amp; Meid 1969: 60–61</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #nom #sg #masc">
              <orth>-az</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #nom #sg #fem">
              <orth>-ō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #nom #sg #neut">
              <orth>-ą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #nom #pl #masc">
              <orth>-ai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #nom #pl #fem">
              <orth>-ôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #nom #pl #neut">
              <orth>-ō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #acc #sg #masc">
              <orth>-anǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #acc #sg #fem">
              <orth>-ǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #acc #sg #neut">
              <orth>-ą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #acc #pl #masc">
              <orth>-anz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #acc #pl #fem">
              <orth>-ōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #acc #pl #neut">
              <orth>-ō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #gen #sg #masc">
              <orth>-as, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #gen #sg #fem">
              <orth>-aizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #gen #sg #neut">
              <orth>-as, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #gen #pl #masc">
              <orth>-aizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #gen #pl #fem">
              <orth>-aizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #gen #pl #neut">
              <orth>-aizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #dat #sg #masc">
              <orth>-ammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #dat #sg #fem">
              <orth>-aizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #dat #sg #neut">
              <orth>-ammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #dat #pl #masc">
              <orth>-aimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #dat #pl #fem">
              <orth>-aimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #dat #pl #neut">
              <orth>-aimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #instr #sg #masc">
              <orth>-anō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #instr #sg #fem">
              <orth>-aizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #instr #sg #neut">
              <orth>-anō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #instr #pl #masc">
              <orth>-aimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #instr #pl #fem">
              <orth>-aimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #instr #pl #neut">
              <orth>-aimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #nom #sg #masc">
              <orth>-ô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #nom #sg #fem">
              <orth>-ǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #nom #sg #neut">
              <orth>-ô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #nom #pl #masc">
              <orth>-aniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #nom #pl #fem">
              <orth>-ōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #nom #pl #neut">
              <orth>-ōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #acc #sg #masc">
              <orth>-anų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #acc #sg #fem">
              <orth>-ōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #acc #sg #neut">
              <orth>-ô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #acc #pl #masc">
              <orth>-anunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #acc #pl #fem">
              <orth>-ōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #acc #pl #neut">
              <orth>-ōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #gen #sg #masc">
              <orth>-iniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #gen #sg #fem">
              <orth>-ōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #gen #sg #neut">
              <orth>-iniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #gen #pl #masc">
              <orth>-anǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #gen #pl #fem">
              <orth>-ōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #gen #pl #neut">
              <orth>-anǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #dat #sg #masc">
              <orth>-ini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #dat #sg #fem">
              <orth>-ōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #dat #sg #neut">
              <orth>-ini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #dat #pl #masc">
              <orth>-ammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #dat #pl #fem">
              <orth>-ōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #dat #pl #neut">
              <orth>-ammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #instr #sg #masc">
              <orth>-inē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #instr #sg #fem">
              <orth>-ōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #instr #sg #neut">
              <orth>-inē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #instr #pl #masc">
              <orth>-ammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #instr #pl #fem">
              <orth>-ōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #instr #pl #neut">
              <orth>-ammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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