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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *aþulijaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_aþulijaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="faltings2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/QN6EVFXC">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymologisches Wörterbuch der friesischen Adjektiva</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Volkert F.</forename>
              <surname>Faltings</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>De Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="heidermanns1993" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/FEH4HY4N">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica 33)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Frank</forename>
              <surname>Heidermanns</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1993</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="orel2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/U6EVGQ9E">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vladimir</forename>
              <surname>Orel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_athulijaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aþulijaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>aþulijaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑ.θu.li.jɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚦᚢᛚᛁᛃᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">ja-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>noble; of noble birth or lineage</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From the <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*aþal-</mentioned>/*<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">aþul-</mentioned> word family + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_i_jaz_3"><ref target="#pgmc_i_jaz_3">*-(i)jaz³</ref></mentioned>, forming a denominal adjective, originally ‘inherited, ancestral; of (noble) lineage’, whence ‘noble’ <bibl corresp="#faltings2010" n="48, 110–11">Faltings 2010: 48, 110–11</bibl> <bibl corresp="#heidermanns1993" n="107–09">Heidermanns 1993: 107–09</bibl>. The exact medial vocalism is uncertain: Orel <bibl corresp="#orel2003" n="27" ana="#omit-author">2003: 27</bibl> reconstructs <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*aþal(j)az</mentioned>, whereas Kroonen <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="40" ana="#omit-author">2013: 40</bibl> prefers <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*aþulja-</mentioned> and derives it from pre-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂⸝₃et-l̥-io-</mentioned>, with <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*u</mentioned> reflecting the Germanic vocalization of syllabic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*l̥</mentioned>. The adjective has no separate secure Indo-European cognates; for its deeper etymology see <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_athala"><ref target="#pgmc_athala">*aþalą</ref></mentioned>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>aþulijaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>aþulijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>aþuliją, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>aþulijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>aþulijôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>aþulijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>aþulijanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>aþulijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>aþuliją, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>aþulijanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>aþulijōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>aþulijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>aþulijas, -īs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>aþulijaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>aþulijas, -īs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>aþulijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>aþulijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>aþulijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>aþulijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>aþulijaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>aþulijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>aþulijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>aþulijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>aþulijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>aþulijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>aþulijaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>aþulijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>aþulijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>aþulijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>aþulijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>aþulijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>aþulijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>aþulijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>aþulijaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>aþulijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>aþulijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>aþulijanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>aþulijōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>aþulijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>aþulijanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>aþulijōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>aþulijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>aþulīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>aþulijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>aþulīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>aþulijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>aþulijōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>aþulijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>aþulīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>aþulijōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>aþulīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>aþulijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>aþulijōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>aþulijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>aþulīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>aþulijōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>aþulīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>aþulijammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>aþulijōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>aþulijammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aþulī, *aþlī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ethele</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ēdel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>aedel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aþulī, *aþlī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ethele</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ēdel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>edel</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>edel</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aþulī, *aþlī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>æþele, eþele</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>athel, ethel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>athel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>athill</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aþulī, *aþlī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ethele</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>eedel</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>eal</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aþulī, *aþlī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>edili</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>edle, edel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>edel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>איידל (eydl)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aþulī, *aþlī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ethili</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ēdele, ēdel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>ædel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>edel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>edel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>edel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>ädel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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