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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *aþulingaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_aþulingaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="boutkan2005" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/H2FUHSIS">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 1)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Dirk</forename>
              <surname>Boutkan</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Sjoerd M.</forename>
              <surname>Siebinga</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2005</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="heidermanns1993" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/FEH4HY4N">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica 33)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Frank</forename>
              <surname>Heidermanns</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1993</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2014" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/VYF68MEL">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English, 2)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Ann</forename>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2014</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_nwg-x-proto_athulingaz" xml:lang="nwg-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*aþulingaz</orth>
          <def>prince</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_non_odlingr" xml:lang="non" type="reflex">
          <orth>ǫðlingr</orth>
          <def>ruler, prince</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ang_aetheling" xml:lang="ang" type="reflex">
          <orth>æþeling</orth>
          <def>prince, nobleman</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_goh_adalung" xml:lang="goh" type="reflex">
          <orth>adalung</orth>
          <def>nobleman</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_goh_adaling" xml:lang="goh" type="reflex">
          <orth>adaling</orth>
          <def>nobleman</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_goh_ediling" xml:lang="goh" type="reflex">
          <orth>ediling</orth>
          <def>nobleman</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_athulingaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aþulingaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>aþulingaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑ.θu.liŋ.ɡɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚦᚢᛚᛁᚾᚷᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>prince, nobleman; member of a noble or ruling lineage</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">An <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_ingaz"><ref target="#pgmc_ingaz">*-ingaz</ref></mentioned> patronymic or affiliative derivative of the <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*aþal-</mentioned>/<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*aþul-</mentioned> word family, ultimately from <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_athala"><ref target="#pgmc_athala">*aþalą</ref></mentioned>, originally ‘one belonging to or descended from noble stock’, whence ‘nobleman, prince’ <bibl corresp="#boutkan2005" n="96, s.v. etheling">Boutkan &amp; Siebinga 2005: 96, s.v. etheling</bibl> <bibl corresp="#heidermanns1993" n="107–109">Heidermanns 1993: 107–109</bibl>. Ringe and Taylor <bibl corresp="#ringe2014" n="251" ana="#omit-author">2014: 251</bibl> reconstruct Proto-Northwest Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_nwg-x-proto_athulingaz"><ref target="#cog_nwg-x-proto_athulingaz">*aþulingaz</ref></mentioned>, reflected by Old Norse <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_non_odlingr"><ref target="#cog_non_odlingr">ǫðlingr</ref></mentioned>, Old English <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ang_aetheling"><ref target="#cog_ang_aetheling">æþeling</ref></mentioned>, and Old High German <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_goh_adalung"><ref target="#cog_goh_adalung">adalung</ref></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_goh_adaling"><ref target="#cog_goh_adaling">adaling</ref></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_goh_ediling"><ref target="#cog_goh_ediling">ediling</ref></mentioned>. The <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*u</mentioned> vocalism belongs to the same <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*aþul-</mentioned> variant seen in <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_athulijaz"><ref target="#pgmc_athulijaz">*aþulijaz</ref></mentioned> and <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_athulija"><ref target="#pgmc_athulija">*aþuliją</ref></mentioned>; West Germanic evidence also permits reconstruction with <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*aþal-</mentioned>. For the deeper etymology, see <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_athala"><ref target="#pgmc_athala">*aþalą</ref></mentioned>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>aþulingaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>aþulingōz, aþulingōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>aþulingą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>aþulinganz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>aþulingas, aþulingis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>aþulingǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>aþulingai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>aþulingamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>aþulingō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>aþulingamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>aþuling</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>aþulingōz, aþulingōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aþuling, *aþulīng</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Latin</lang>
                    <orth>adelingus, adalingus</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>etheling, edling</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>adaling</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ethiling</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aþuling, *aþulīng</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>etheling</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ēdelinc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>edeling</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aþuling, *aþulīng</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>æþeling, æðeling, eþeling</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>atheling</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>atheling</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aþuling, *aþulīng</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>æþeling, æðeling, eþeling</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Welsh</lang>
                      <orth>edling, edlyg, etling</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Welsh</lang>
                        <orth>edling, edlin</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>edling</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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