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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *babalōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_babalōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="krahe1969" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6TKE9TIV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hans</forename>
              <surname>Krahe</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Wolfgang</forename>
              <surname>Meid</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1969</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ref1997" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/2GXPBSTX">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</title>
            <editor>
              <forename>James P.</forename>
              <surname>Mallory</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Douglas Q.</forename>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
            </editor>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers</publisher>
              <date>1997</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="pokorny1959" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/7PPDZBL9">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Julius</forename>
              <surname>Pokorny</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Francke Verlag</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>
              <date>1959</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="mallory2006">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World</title>
            <author>
              <forename>J. P.</forename>
              <surname>Mallory</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>D. Q.</forename>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2006</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_babazo" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>βαβάζω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>babázō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to babble</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_bababa_karoti_x2" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>बबब-करो॑ति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>bababa-karóti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>crackles (of a fire)</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_babalona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/babalōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>babalōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbɑ.βɑ.lɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚨᛒᚨᛚᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to chatter, babble; to speak indistinctly or repetitively</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From expressive<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> *baba- </mentioned>+ <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_lona"><ref target="#pgmc_lona">*-lōną</ref></mentioned>; Proto-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_lona"><ref target="#pgmc_lona">*-lōną</ref></mentioned> forms iterative verbs, sometimes with diminutive or attenuative force <bibl corresp="#krahe1969" n="263–64">Krahe &amp; Meid 1969: 263–64</bibl>. The base belongs to a widespread imitative family <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*baba- ~ *balba- ~ *barbar- </mentioned>denoting indistinct, repetitive, or stammering speech <bibl corresp="#ref1997" n="42">Mallory &amp; Adams 1997: 42</bibl> <bibl corresp="#mallory2006" n="360–61">Mallory &amp; Adams 2006: 360–61</bibl> <bibl corresp="#pokorny1959" n="91–92">Pokorny 1959: 91–92</bibl>. These formations are explicitly regarded as onomatopoeic and therefore cannot securely be reconstructed as inherited Proto-Indo-European vocabulary. Compare Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_grc_babazo"><ref target="#cog_grc_babazo">βαβάζω</ref></mentioned> and Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_san_bababa_karoti_x2"><ref target="#cog_san_bababa_karoti_x2">बबब-करो॑ति</ref></mentioned>, best regarded as expressive parallels rather than secure cognates.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>babalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>babalǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>babalōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>babalōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>babalōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>babalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>babalōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>babalōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>babalōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>babalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>babalōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>babalōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>babalōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>babalōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>babalōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>babalōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>babalōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>babalōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>babalōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>babalōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>babalōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>babalōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>babalōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>babalōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>babalōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>babalōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>babalōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>babalōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>babalōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>babalōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>babalōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>babalōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>babalōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>babalōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>babalōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>babalōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>babalōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>babalōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>babalōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>babalōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>babalōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>babalōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>babalōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>babalōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>babalōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>babalōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>babalōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>babalōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>babalōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>babalōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>babalōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*babalōn, *bablōn, *wablōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*bablon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>babbelen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>babbelen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>babbel</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*babalōn, *bablōn, *wablōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*bablian, *bæblian, *bæflian, wæflian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>bablen, babelen, *waffelen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>babble, waffle</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>bable, babil</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*babalōn, *bablōn, *wablōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*babelia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>babbelje, bale</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>babbelje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*babalōn, *bablōn, *wablōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*papalōn, *babalōn, blabazzen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>*papelen, *babelen, blabezen, blebezen, blebzen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>pappeln, bappeln, babbeln, plappern</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*babalōn, *bablōn, *wablōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*bablōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>babbelen, brabbelen, brabbeln</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>brabbeln</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>babbeln</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>baublen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>babbla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>bable, bavle</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>babla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>båbble, babble</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>babla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>bable</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>babbla</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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