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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *bagmaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_bagmaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bheh2ghus" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰeh₂ǵʰús</orth>
          <def>arm</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bhh2gh_mo_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰh₂ǵʰ-mó-s</orth>
          <def>branch</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_bagmaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bagmaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>bagmaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbɑɣ.mɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚨᚷᛗᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>tree</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>beam, balk</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p"><bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</bibl> derives this from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhh2gh_mo_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhh2gh_mo_s">*bʰh₂ǵʰ-mó-s</ref></mentioned> (‘branch’), related to Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bheh2ghus"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bheh2ghus">*bʰeh₂ǵʰús</ref></mentioned> (‘arm’) (whence Proto-Germanic *bōguz (‘upper arm, shoulder’)).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>bagmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>bagmōz, bagmōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>bagmą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>bagmanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>bagmas, bagmis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>bagmǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>bagmai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>bagmamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>bagmō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>bagmamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>bagm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>bagmōz, bagmōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*baum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>bōm, boum</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bôom</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>boum</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>boom</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>boom</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>boom</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*baum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>bēam, bēom, bōm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>beem, beam, bem, beme, beume, beame, beom</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>beam</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*baum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>bēam, bēom, bōm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>beem, beam, bem, beme, beume, beame, beom</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>beam</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*baum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>bām, baem</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Boom</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>beam</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*baum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>boum, poum, paum</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>boum, boun, bōm, bōn, bām, poum, pām</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Baam, Bääm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Baum</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>בוים (boym)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*baum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>boum, poum, paum</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>boum, boun, bōm, bōn, bām, poum, pām</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Baam</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                          <orth>Baam</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*baum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>bōm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bôm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>bom</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Finnish</lang>
                        <orth>puomi</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                        <orth>bom</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>bom</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>bom</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Boom</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>bom</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*baum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>bōm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bôm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Boom</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Boom</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>baðmr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>baðmur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>bagn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃 (bagms)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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