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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *bai</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_bai</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_abu" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>abu</orth>
          <def>both</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_ubha" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>उभ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ubhá</orth>
          </form>
          <def>both, each of the two</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_oba" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*oba</orth>
          <def>both</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_bai" type="determiner" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bai">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>bai</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbɑi̯</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚨᛁ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>determiner</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>both</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *bʰóh₁, possibly from the neuter dual form *bʰóy(h₁). Compare Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_abu"><ref target="#cog_lit_abu">abu</ref></mentioned> (‘both’), Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_oba"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_oba">*oba</ref></mentioned> (‘both’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_ubha"><ref target="#cog_san_ubha">उभ</ref></mentioned> (ubhá, ‘both, each of the two’), Latin (am)bō (‘both’); </seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc">
              <orth>—</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem">
              <orth>—</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut">
              <orth>—</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc">
              <orth>bai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem">
              <orth>bōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut">
              <orth>bō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc">
              <orth>—</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem">
              <orth>—</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut">
              <orth>—</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc">
              <orth>banz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem">
              <orth>bōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut">
              <orth>bō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc">
              <orth>—</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem">
              <orth>—</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut">
              <orth>—</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc">
              <orth>bajjǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem">
              <orth>bajjǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut">
              <orth>bajjǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc">
              <orth>—</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem">
              <orth>—</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut">
              <orth>—</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc">
              <orth>baimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem">
              <orth>baimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut">
              <orth>baimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc">
              <orth>—</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem">
              <orth>—</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut">
              <orth>—</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc">
              <orth>baimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem">
              <orth>baimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut">
              <orth>baimiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>bœ̄ġen, bēġen, bēġġen</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>beȝenn, beigene, beine, beie, beye, bey</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>beggja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>beggja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>beggja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>begge</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>beggja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>bæggiæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>begge</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>beggja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>bæggia, begge, bæggias, bægges, beggiars, bæggers</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>bägge</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌱𐌰𐌹 (bai)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <orth>Most daughter languages have this word in a compound with the demonstrative *sa (‘that’):</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>beithe</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>beide</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>beide</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>beide</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>bā þā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>baþe, boþe, bayth, bothe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>both</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>bathe, baith</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>bēthe</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>bee</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>beide</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>beidē</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>beide, bēde, beyde</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>beide</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                      <orth>ביידע (beyde)</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>bēthia</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>bêde, beide, beyde</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>beide</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>beide, beid, bei, beed, bede, be, biede, bied, bi</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>báðir</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>båðer</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>báðir</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>báðir</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>både</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>både, båe</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>báðir</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>bathe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>både</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>báðir</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>bāþir, bāþe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>både, båda</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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