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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *bakiz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_bakiz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bhog_i_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰog-i-s</orth>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_bagno" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*bagnò</orth>
          <def>swamp, bog, marsh</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_bakiz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bakiz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>bakiz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbɑ.kiz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚨᚲᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>brook, stream</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>beach, strand</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhog_i_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhog_i_s">*bʰog-i-s</ref></mentioned>, from *bʰeg- (‘a body of water, river, marsh, bog’). Cognate with Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_bagno"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_bagno">*bagnò</ref></mentioned> (‘swamp, bog, marsh’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>bakiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>bakīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>bakį</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>bakinz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>bakīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>bakjǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>bakī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>bakimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>bakī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>bakimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>baki</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>bakīz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*baki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>beki</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bēke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>beek</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>baek</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*baki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>bæċ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>bæcche, bæche, bache</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>beach, batch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*baki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*beke, *betze</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Bäke</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>beek, beets</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*baki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>bah</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>bach</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Bach</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Baach</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*baki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*bak, beki</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bēke, bach</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>-beck</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Beek</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Bach</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bekkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>bekkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>bekkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>bekk, bekk’e</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bekkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>bæk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>bæk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>bekk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bekkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>bæc, becc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>bec, becc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>beck</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>bek, bekk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bekkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>bækker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>bäck</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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