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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *balwaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_balwaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_chu_boleti" xml:lang="chu" type="cognate">
          <orth>болѣти</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>bolěti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to be sick, be in pain</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_phlauros" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>φλαῦρος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>phlaûros</orth>
          </form>
          <def>indifferent, bad</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bhol</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>H</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_bol" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*bȍlь</orth>
          <def>pain</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_txb_pile" xml:lang="txb" type="cognate">
          <orth>pile</orth>
          <def>wound, injury</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_balwaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/balwaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>balwaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbɑl.wɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚨᛚᚹᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>sick</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>bad, evil, wicked</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>torturous, painful, agonizing</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Possibly related to Old Church Slavonic <mentioned xml:lang="chu" target="#cog_chu_boleti"><ref target="#cog_chu_boleti">болѣти</ref></mentioned> (bolěti, ‘to be sick, be in pain’), Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_bol"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_bol">*bȍlь</ref></mentioned> (‘pain’), Cornish bal (‘disease’), Tocharian B <mentioned xml:lang="txb" target="#cog_txb_pile"><ref target="#cog_txb_pile">pile</ref></mentioned> (‘wound, injury’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_phlauros"><ref target="#cog_grc_phlauros">φλαῦρος</ref></mentioned> (phlaûros, ‘indifferent, bad’), pointing to a common origin of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h_x2">*bhol</ref></mentioned> (H)-.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>balwaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>balwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>balwą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>balwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>balwôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>balwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>balwanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>balwǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>balwą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>balwanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>balwōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>balwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>balwas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>balwaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>balwas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>balwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>balwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>balwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>balwammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>balwaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>balwammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>balwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>balwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>balwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>balwanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>balwaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>balwanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>balwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>balwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>balwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>balwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>balwǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>balwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>balwaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>balwōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>balwōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>balwanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>balwōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>balwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>balwanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>balwōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>balwōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>balwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>balwōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>balwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>balwanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>balwōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>balwanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>balwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>balwōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>balwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>balwammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>balwōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>balwammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>balwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>balwōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>balwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>balwammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>balwōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>balwammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*balu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*balo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>*bal</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>bal</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*balu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>bealu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>bale</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*balu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>balu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bal</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*balu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*balu, *balo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bal</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*bǫlvíss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>bøl-</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>bölvís</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌿𐍃 (*balus), 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌰𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹 (balwawēsei), 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (balwjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
