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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *balþaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_balþaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bhel_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰel-</orth>
          <def>to blow, swell up</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_balthaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/balþaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>balþaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbɑl.θɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚨᛚᚦᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>strong, bold</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic *bʰól-t-ó-s (‘inflated, strong’), from an o-grade form of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhel_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhel_x2">*bʰel-</ref></mentioned> (in either the, ‘blow, swell, inflate; sense or the ‘shiny, white’ sense, with the former being semantically more attractive’) + <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-tos</mentioned>(creates verbal adjectives from roots), the suffix equivalent to Proto-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-þaz</mentioned> (derives adjectives from roots).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>balþaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>balþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>balþą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>balþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>balþôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>balþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>balþanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>balþǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>balþą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>balþanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>balþōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>balþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>balþas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>balþaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>balþas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>balþaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>balþaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>balþaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>balþammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>balþaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>balþammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>balþaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>balþaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>balþaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>balþanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>balþaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>balþanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>balþaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>balþaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>balþaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>balþô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>balþǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>balþô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>balþaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>balþōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>balþōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>balþanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>balþōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>balþô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>balþanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>balþōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>balþōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>balþiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>balþōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>balþiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>balþanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>balþōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>balþanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>balþini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>balþōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>balþini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>balþammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>balþōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>balþammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>balþinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>balþōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>balþinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>balþammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>balþōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>balþammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*balþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*balt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bout</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>boud</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>boud</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*balþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>beald, bald</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>bolde, bold, boold, bald, beald</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>bold, bawd</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>bald, bauld, baul, bawl, beld</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*balþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>bald</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>balde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>boalde</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*balþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>bald, pald</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>balt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>bald</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>bald</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*balþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>bald, pald</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>baldo</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>balde, palde</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                          <orth>båld, boid</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>bald</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*balþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>bald</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bald, bold, balt, bolt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>bold, boll</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ballr, baldr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>baldur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>ballur, baldur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>bold</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ballr, baldr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>balder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>båld</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 (*balþs)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gothic</lang>
                    <orth>𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌰𐌱𐌰 (balþaba)</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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