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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *bangōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_bangōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_eh2_ye_o_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-eh₂-ye/o</orth>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_bhanakti" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>भनक्ति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>bhanákti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to break, split, breach</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_bangona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bangōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>bangōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbɑŋ.ɡɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚨᚾᚷᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to bang; pound; beat</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably from a Proto-Indo-European expressive formation based on *bʰeg- (‘to break’), specifically a nasalized o-grade base *bʰong-, with Proto-Germanic weak-II verbal suffixation (&lt; PIE <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_eh2_ye_o_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_eh2_ye_o_x2">*-eh₂-ye/o</ref></mentioned>-), pre-Germanic *bʰong-eh₂-yé/ó-. Because of the expressive semantics, an onomatopoetic contribution cannot be excluded. Compare Old Armenian բեկանեմ (bekanem, ‘to break’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_bhanakti"><ref target="#cog_san_bhanakti">भनक्ति</ref></mentioned> (bhanákti, ‘to break, split, breach’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bangō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bangǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bangōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bangōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bangōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bangō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bangōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bangōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bangōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bangō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bangōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bangōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bangōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>bangōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>bangōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>bangōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>bangōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>bangōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bangōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bangōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bangōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bangōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bangōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bangōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bangōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bangōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bangōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bangōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bangōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bangōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bangōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bangōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bangōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bangōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bangōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bangōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bangōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bangōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>bangōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>bangōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>bangōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>bangōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bangōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bangōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bangōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bangōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bangōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bangōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>bangōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>bangōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>bangōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bangōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*bungon, *bonkon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bongen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>bonken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bangōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*bangian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>*bangen, bonchen, bunchen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>bang</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>bang, bung</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bangōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*bangia, *bongia, *bunkia, *bonkia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>boangje, bunkje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bonkje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bangōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>bangōn, *bankan, *bankōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>bangen, pangen, bungen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>bangen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>banken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bangōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*bangōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bangen, bunken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>bangen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>bangen, bangeln</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>banga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>banga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>banga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>banke</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>banka, banke</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>banga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>banke</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>banka</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>banka</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>banga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>*bangen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>bang</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>bang, bung</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>banga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>bånga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>banka</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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