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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *baraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_baraz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_bara" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>bara</orth>
          <def>bread</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_far" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>far</orth>
          <def>emmer; grits</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_bariba" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>barĩba</orth>
          <def>food</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_bairgen" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>bairgen</orth>
          <def>bread, loaf</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_b_r" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*bъrъ</orth>
          <def>foxtail millet</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_bors_no" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*boršьno</orth>
          <def>flour</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_baraz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/baraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>baraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbɑ.rɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚨᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">z-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>awn</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>spiky leaves</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>barley</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From a Proto-Indo-European s-stem *bʰars- ~ *bʰors- ~ *bʰor-es-, from root *bʰers- (‘tip, bristle; pointy, prickly’). Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_far"><ref target="#cog_lat_far">far</ref></mentioned> (‘emmer; grits’) and fārīna (‘flour’), Faliscan 𐌅𐌀𐌓 (far, ‘emmer wheat’), Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_bors_no"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_bors_no">*boršьno</ref></mentioned> (‘flour’), Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_bairgen"><ref target="#cog_sga_bairgen">bairgen</ref></mentioned> (‘bread, loaf’), Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_bara"><ref target="#cog_cym_bara">bara</ref></mentioned> (‘bread’), Breton bara (‘bread’), Old Cornish bara, Albanian bar (‘grass’), Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_b_r"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_b_r">*bъrъ</ref></mentioned> (‘foxtail millet’) and perhaps Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_bariba"><ref target="#cog_lav_bariba">barĩba</ref></mentioned> (‘food’). Related to *barsaz (‘perch (fish)’), *burstiz, (‘bristle’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>baraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>barizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>baraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>barizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>bariziz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>barizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>barizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>barizumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>barizē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>barizumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>baraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>barizō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>barr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>barr</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>barr</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>bar</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>barr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>bar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>barr</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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