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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *bardǭ</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_bardǭ</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bhorsdh_eh2_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰórsdʰ-éh₂</orth>
          <def>tip, edge</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_bardo_x2" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bardǭ">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>bardǭ</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbɑr.ðɔ̃ː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚨᚱᛞᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ōn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>ax</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of uncertain origin; possibly from *bardaz (‘beard’), or from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhorsdh_eh2_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhorsdh_eh2_x2">*bʰórsdʰ-éh₂ from *bʰers-</ref></mentioned> (‘tip, edge’) + <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-dʰh₁-</mentioned>(forms resultative verbs; compare Cornish brath (‘bite, sting, stab’)). Alternatively perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰórHdʰ-eh₂, from *bʰerHdʰ-, from *bʰerH- (‘to pierce, strike’) + <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-dʰh₁-</mentioned>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>bardǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>bardōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>bardōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>bardōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>bardōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>bardōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>bardōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>bardōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>bardōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>bardōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>bardǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>bardōniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bardā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Frankish</lang>
                    <orth>*barda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Late Latin</lang>
                      <orth>Langobardus, Longobardus</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old French</lang>
                        <orth>Lombard</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bardā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Frankish</lang>
                    <orth>*barda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>barda</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>barde, baerde, bardse, helmbaerde</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>baars, hellebaard</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bardā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>barta</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>barte</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Barte</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bardā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>barda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bārde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>barða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>barða</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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