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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *barkuz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_barkuz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_san_bhurja" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>भूर्ज</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>bhūrjá</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_barkuz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/barkuz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>barkuz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbɑr.kuz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚨᚱᚲᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>bark of a tree</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵ-ó-s (‘birch’, source of Lithuanian béržas, Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_bhurja"><ref target="#cog_san_bhurja">भूर्ज</ref></mentioned> (bhūrjá) all meaning ‘birch’), reformulated as a u-stem. Related to *berkō (‘birch’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>barkuz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>barkiwiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>barkų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>barkunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>barkauz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>barkiwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>barkiwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>barkumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>barkū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>barkumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>barku</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>barkiwiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>*bark</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>Boark</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>berk</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*barku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>barke, borke</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Borke</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Boarke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*barku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>barke, borke</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>Bark, Borke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Boakj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*bark, *berk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>barc, berc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bark</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bǫrkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>børkur, bark</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>börkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>bork, bork’e, børk</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bǫrkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>bark</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>bark</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>bark</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bǫrkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>barc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>bark, barke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>bark</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>bark</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bǫrkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>barker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>bark</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*pārkkō</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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