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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *baugaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_baugaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_san_bhoga" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>भोग</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>bhogá</orth>
          </form>
          <def>winding, curve</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_b" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*gъ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>b</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_baugaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/baugaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>baugaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbɑu̯.ɣɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚨᚢᚷᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>a bend; bow</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>something bent (round); circle</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>a ring; bracelet</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="4">
            <def>a wreath; crown</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="5">
            <def>collar</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *bʰowgʰ-o-s, from root *bʰewgʰ- (‘to bend; curve, arch’). Cognate with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_bhoga"><ref target="#cog_san_bhoga">भोग</ref></mentioned> (bhogá, ‘winding, curve’), Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_b"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_b">*gъ</ref></mentioned> (b)nǫti (‘to bend, fold, dimple, flex’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>baugaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>baugōz, baugōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>baugą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>bauganz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>baugas, baugis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>baugǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>baugai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>baugamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>baugō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>baugamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>baug</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>baugōz, baugōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*baug</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>bāg, bāch</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*baug</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>bōg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bogel, buegel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>beugel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*baug</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>bēag, bēah</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>beh, beghe, bie, by</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>bee</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>bee, bei, beye</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*baug</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>baug, boug, paug, pauc, pouc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>bouc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Baug, Bauk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*baug</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>baug, boug, paug, pauc, pouc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>bouc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>בייגל (beygl)</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>bagel</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*baug</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*bōg, *bāg, *bōh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bōch, būch</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>baugr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>baugur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>baug</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>baugr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>baugr, bauger</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>baug, bäug, bau</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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