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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *bautaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_bautaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="gordon2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/GAKMQMYN">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Beating, Hacking, and Spitting: Germanic Contributions to the Question of Acrostatic d-Presents in Proto-Indo-European</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Randall</forename>
              <surname>Gordon</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="volume">123</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="page">258–296</biblScope>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_bautana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bautaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>bautaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbɑu̯.tɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚨᚢᛏᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 7b</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to beat, knock, bump, push</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *bʰówd-e/o- an o-grade intensive formation from root *bʰewd- (‘to strike, beat), a d-extension of *bʰew- (‘to blow, swell’) <bibl corresp="#gordon2010">Gordon 2010</bibl>. Alternately derived from pre-Germanic **bauttaną, an n-extended verbal formation from an Indo-European root meaning ‘strike, beat’ (perhaps *bʰowd-néh₂- / *bʰow-t-néh₂-, from *bʰewd- ~ *bʰew-t-, ‘to strike, beat’); the geminate is explained by Kluge’s Law, with later shortening after the diphthong *au. Compare Latin fūtō ‘to strike’, fūstis ‘club’, though the extra-Germanic comparison is formally uncertain and may point instead to an old substrate root.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bautō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bautaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bautai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bautizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bautaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>baut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bautazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bautaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bautidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bautai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bautadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bautadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bautaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>bautōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>bautaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>bautadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>bautaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>bautadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bautamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bautaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bautandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bautaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bautid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bautaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bautid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bautandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bautaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bautandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bautain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bautandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bautandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bautaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bebaut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bebautį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bebaust</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bebautīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bebaut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bebautī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>bebautū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>bebautīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>bebautudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>bebautīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bebautum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bebautīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bebautud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bebautīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bebautun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bebautīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>bautandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>bautanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>bautaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bautan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*bāta</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bautan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*bōtan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bôten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>boten, botten, butten</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>botn</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bautan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>bēatan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>beten, beete, bet, bete, betyn, beytt, beaten, byete</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>beat</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>beat, beit</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bautan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>pōzan, bōzan, bōzzan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>bōzen, butzen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>boßen, bossen, possen, Butzen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bautan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>pōzan, bōzan, bōzzan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>bōzen, butzen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>bōzelen, bōzeln</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>boßeln</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bautan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>pōzan, bōzan, bōzzan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>bōzen, butzen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>bōzelen, bōzeln</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                          <orth>bōsselen</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Low German</lang>
                            <orth>boßeln</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bautan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>pōzan, bōzan, bōzzan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>anabōz</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>anebōz</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>Amboss</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bautan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*bōtan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bôten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>boten</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>bȫtelen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bautan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*bottō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Late Latin</lang>
                      <orth>*botōnus, *bottonem</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old French</lang>
                        <orth>boton</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle English</lang>
                          <orth>botoun</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>English</lang>
                            <orth>button</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Scots</lang>
                            <orth>button</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bautan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*bottō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>bouter, boter</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Anglo-Norman</lang>
                        <orth>boter, buter</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle English</lang>
                          <orth>butten, bouten</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>English</lang>
                            <orth>butt</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bauta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>bauta</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (*bautan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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