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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *bebruz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_bebruz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_babra" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬠𐬀𐬡𐬭𐬀</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>baβra</orth>
          </form>
          <def>beaver</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bhebhr_u_s_bhebhrews" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰébʰr-u-s ~ *bʰebʰréws</orth>
          <def>beaver</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_bebruz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bebruz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>bebruz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbe.βruz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᛖᛒᚱᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>beaver</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhebhr_u_s_bhebhrews"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhebhr_u_s_bhebhrews">*bʰébʰr-u-s ~ *bʰebʰréws</ref></mentioned> (‘beaver’). Cognates include Lithuanian bẽbras, Proto-Celtic *bebrus, Younger Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_babra"><ref target="#cog_ave_babra">𐬠𐬀𐬡𐬭𐬀</ref></mentioned> (baβra), and Latin fiber, all with a sense of ‘beaver’. </seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>bebruz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>bibriwiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>bebrų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>bebrunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>bebrauz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>bibriwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>bibriwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>bebrumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>bebrū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>bebrumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>bebru</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>bibriwiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bebru</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*bevar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bēver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>baever</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bebru</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*bevar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bēver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>bever</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>bewer</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bebru</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>befer, beofor, byfor, bebr, bebir, beber, befor, beofer, beuer</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>bever, beauver, beever, befer, beofer, beuver, bevere, bevre, bevyr, bevyre, bewer, byvre</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>beaver</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>bever, baiver</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bebru</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*bever</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>biiber</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bever</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bebru</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>bibar, bibur</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>biber</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>ביבער (biber)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bebru</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>bibar, bibur</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>biber</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Biber</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Biber</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bebru</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>biƀar, biƀor</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bēver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                        <orth>bäver</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Faroese</lang>
                        <orth>bævur</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                        <orth>bävar</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Bever</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Bieba</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bebru</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>biƀar, biƀor</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bēver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>bever</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>bever</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bebru</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>biƀar, biƀor</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bēver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                        <orth>biauær</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Danish</lang>
                          <orth>bæver</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                          <orth>bifur</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bebru</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>biƀar, biƀor</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bēver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>bæver</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>bäver</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bjórr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>bjór</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>bjor</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>bjor</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bjórr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>biūr, bifær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>byr</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bjórr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>biūr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>bjur</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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