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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *beraną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_beraną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_phero" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>φέρω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>phérō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to bring, bear, carry</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_bert" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>bḕrt</orth>
          <def>to pour; strew, scatter</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_bharati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>भरति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>bhárati</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to bear, carry; support; maintain</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_beirid" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>beirid</orth>
          <def>to carry, bring; bear</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_xto_par" xml:lang="xto" type="cognate">
          <orth>pär-</orth>
          <def>to bear, carry off; take up; wear</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_berana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/beraną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>beraną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbe.rɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᛖᚱᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 4</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to bear, carry</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *bʰér-e/o-, from *bʰer- (‘to bear, carry’). Cognate with Old Armenian բերեմ (berem, ‘to carry, bring, give fruit’), Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_bert"><ref target="#cog_lav_bert">bḕrt</ref></mentioned> (‘to pour; strew, scatter’), Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_beirid"><ref target="#cog_sga_beirid">beirid</ref></mentioned> (‘to carry, bring; bear’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_phero"><ref target="#cog_grc_phero">φέρω</ref></mentioned> (phérō, ‘to bring, bear, carry’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_bharati"><ref target="#cog_san_bharati">भरति</ref></mentioned> (bhárati, ‘to bear, carry; support; maintain’), and Tocharian A <mentioned xml:lang="xto" target="#cog_xto_par"><ref target="#cog_xto_par">pär-</ref></mentioned> (‘to bear, carry off; take up; wear’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>berō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>beraų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>berai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>birizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>beraiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ber</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>berazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>beraizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>biridi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>berai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>beradau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>beradai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>beraidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>berōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>beraiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>beradiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>beraidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>beradiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>beramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>beraim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>berandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>beraindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>birid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>beraid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>birid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>berandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>beraindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>berandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>berain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>berandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>berandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>beraindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bar</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bērį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bart</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bērīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bar</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bērī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>bērū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>bērīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>bērudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>bērīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bērum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bērīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bērud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bērīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bērun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bērīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>berandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>buranaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>beraną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*beran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>beran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bēren</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*beran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>beran, beoran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>beren, beoren, bearen, baren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>bear</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>bere, beir</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*beran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>bera</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bere</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>barre</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*beran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>bëran, përan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>bëren, bërn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>beren</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>gebären</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*beran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>beran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>beren, baren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>böhren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bera</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>bera</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>bera</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>bera</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bera</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>bæræ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>bære</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>bære</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bera</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>bæra</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>bära</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (bairan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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