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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *berganą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_berganą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_bsl-x-proto_bergtei" xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*bergtei</orth>
          <def>to take care of</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_bergana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/berganą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>berganą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈber.ɣɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᛖᚱᚷᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to take care of</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to preserve, to keep</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>to protect, to save</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *bʰérgʰ-e/o- from root *bʰergʰ- (‘to safeguard, protect; preserve’). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_bergtei"><ref target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_bergtei">*bergtei</ref></mentioned> (‘to take care of’), Russian бере́чь (beréčʹ. ‘to guard, take care of, keep safe’), Ossetian бамбӕрзын (bambærzyn, ‘to cover’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bergō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bergaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bergai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>birgizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bergaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>berg</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bergazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bergaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>birgidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bergai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bergadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bergadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bergaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>bergōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>bergaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>bergadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>bergaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>bergadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bergamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bergaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bergandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bergaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>birgid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bergaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>birgid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bergandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bergaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bergandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bergain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bergandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bergandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bergaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>barg</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>burgį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>barht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>burgīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>barg</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>burgī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>burgū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>burgīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>burgudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>burgīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>burgum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>burgīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>burgud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>burgīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>burgun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>burgīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>bergandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>burganaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>berganą</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bergan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>bergan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bergen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>bèrge</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bergan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>bergan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bergen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>bergen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>bêre, berg</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bergan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>beorgan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>berwen, berȝen, bergen, berghen, beregen, berrȝhenn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bergan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>berga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bierge</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bergje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bergan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>bergan, percan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>bergen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>bergen, birgen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>biergen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bergan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>bergan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bergen, bargen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>bargen, baargen, biärgen, bergen, borgen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>bargen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bjarga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>bjarga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>bjarga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>berge</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bjarga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>biærghæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>bjærge</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bjarga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>biærgha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>bärga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌽 (bairgan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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