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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *bergaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_bergaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_bsl-x-proto_bergas" xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*bérgas</orth>
          <def>hill</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bhergh_o_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰérǵʰ-o-s</orth>
          <def>hill</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_bergaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bergaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>bergaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈber.ɣɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᛖᚱᚷᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>hill, mountain</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhergh_o_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhergh_o_s">*bʰérǵʰ-o-s</ref></mentioned> (‘hill’) from root bʰérǵʰ- (‘to rise up, ascend; to be elevated, up high’). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_bergas"><ref target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_bergas">*bérgas</ref></mentioned> (‘hill’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>bergaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>bergōz, bergōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>bergą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>berganz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>bergas, birgis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>bergǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>bergai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>bergamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>bergō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>bergamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>berg</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>bergōz, bergōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*berg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>berg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>berch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>berg</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*berg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>berg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>berch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>berg</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>berg</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>English</lang>
                            <orth>berg</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*berg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>beorg, beorh, berg, biorg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>bergh, berȝ, beruȝ, beruh, berw</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>barrow, bergh</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>burrae</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*berg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>beorg, beorh, berg, biorg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>berȝe, beryhe, berye</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>berry</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*berg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>berch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Bíerig, Bierich</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>berch</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*berg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>berg, perc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>bërc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Bäärg, Bärg, Bèèrg, Bërg</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Berch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Central German</lang>
                        <orth>Barg</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Berg</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Bierg</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>Barig</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>באַרג (barg)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*berg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>berg, berag</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>berch, barg</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Boajch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*berg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>berg, berag</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>berch, barg</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Barg, Biärg, Berg</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Barg</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>berg, bjarg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>berg, bjarg, bjørg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>berg, bjerg, bjerr</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>berg, bjarg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scots</lang>
                    <orth>berg</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>berg, bjarg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>berg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>berg</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>berg</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>berg, bjarg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>biargh, biærgh, bærgh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>bjerg</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>bjerg</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>berg, bjarg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>biærgh, bærgh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>berg</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐍃 (*bairgs)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gothic</lang>
                    <orth>𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌹 (bairgahei)</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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