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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *beuną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_beuną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_phuo" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>φύω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>phúō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to bring forth, beget, grow</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_fio" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>fīō</orth>
          <def>to become, happen</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_bhavati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>भवति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>bhávati</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to become, be</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_baviti" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*baviti</orth>
          <def>to linger, engage in, accumulate</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_beuna" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/beuną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>beuną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbeu̯.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᛖᚢᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to be</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to become</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Suppletive. The present tense forms are from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-yé/ó-, zero-grade yé-present of *bʰuH- (‘to be, become, grow, appear’). Cognate with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_bhavati"><ref target="#cog_san_bhavati">भवति</ref></mentioned> (bhávati, ‘to become, be’), Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_baviti"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_baviti">*baviti</ref></mentioned> (‘to linger, engage in, accumulate’), Irish bí (‘to be’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_phuo"><ref target="#cog_grc_phuo">φύω</ref></mentioned> (phúō, ‘to bring forth, beget, grow’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_fio"><ref target="#cog_lat_fio">fīō</ref></mentioned> (‘to become, happen’). Related to *būaną (‘to dwell, reside’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">For the past tense forms, see *wesaną (‘to be, remain, exist’). </seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>wesandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>beuną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>bēon, bīon</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>been, be, bean, ben, beon, boen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>be, been</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>be</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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