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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *bewwą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_bewwą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_ephun" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἔφῡν</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>éphūn</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to bring forth</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_bhuta" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>भूत</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>bhūtá</orth>
          </form>
          <def>been</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_bewwa" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bewwą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>bewwą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbew.wɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᛖᚹᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>crops, yield</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>barley</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewH- ó-m from root *bʰuH- (‘to become, to grow’). The geminate -ww- is caused by the laryngeal. Cognates are Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_bhuta"><ref target="#cog_san_bhuta">भूत</ref></mentioned> (bhūtá, ‘been’) and Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_ephun"><ref target="#cog_grc_ephun">ἔφῡν</ref></mentioned> (éphūn, ‘to bring forth’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>bewwą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>bewwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>bewwą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>bewwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>bewwas, biwwis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>bewwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>bewwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>bewwamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>bewwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>bewwamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>bewwą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>bewwō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*beuw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>bēow</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>bē</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>beo, beu</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*beuw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*beo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>bū, bou</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛒᛁᚷᚹᚨ (*bigwa)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>bygg, biugg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>bygg</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>bygg</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                      <orth>bygg</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛒᛁᚷᚹᚨ (*bigwa)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>bygg, biugg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>big, byg, byge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>bigg, big</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>bigg, big</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛒᛁᚷᚹᚨ (*bigwa)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>bygg, biugg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>biug</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>byg</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛒᛁᚷᚹᚨ (*bigwa)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>bygg, biugg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>biug, biugh</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>bjugg, bju, bygg, byg, by, bägg</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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