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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *bibāną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_bibāną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_bibiuuah" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬠𐬌𐬡𐬌𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬵</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>biβiuuāh</orth>
          </form>
          <def>they have become afraid</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_bsl-x-proto_baja_tei" xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*bajā́ˀtei</orth>
          <def>to fear, be afraid</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_bibhaya" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>बिभाय</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>bibhā́ya</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to fear</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_bibana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bibāną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>bibāną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbi.βɑː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᛁᛒᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to tremble, quake, shiver</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *bʰe-bʰóyh₂-e ~ *bʰe-bʰih₂-ḗr, reduplicated stative of *bʰeyh₂- (‘to shake, tremble; to fear, be afraid’). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_baja_tei"><ref target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_baja_tei">*bajā́ˀtei</ref></mentioned> (‘to fear, be afraid’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_bibhaya"><ref target="#cog_san_bibhaya">बिभाय</ref></mentioned> (bibhā́ya, ‘to fear’), Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_bibiuuah"><ref target="#cog_ave_bibiuuah">𐬠𐬌𐬡𐬌𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬵</ref></mentioned> (biβiuuāh, ‘they have become afraid’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bibō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bibaisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bibai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bibāsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bibaiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bibāþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bibāþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>bibōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>bibāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>bibāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bibāmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bibānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bibaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bibaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bibānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bibānþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bibānþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bibānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bibadǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bibadēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bibadēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bibadēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bibadē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bibadēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>bibadēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>bibadēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>bibadēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>bibadēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bibadēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bibadēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bibadēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bibadēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bibadēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bibadēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>bibāndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>bibadaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>bibāną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bibēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*bevon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bēven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>beven</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>bewe</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bibēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>bifian, biofian, beofian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>bivien, beovien, buvien, befien, byfien</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>biveren, bevere, beveren</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>bever, bibber</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>bever, baiver, baver, bevver</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bibēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>bivia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bevern</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bieuwje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>beevje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bibēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>bibēn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>biben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>böoban</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>beben</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>biewen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bibēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>bivon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bēven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>beven</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bibēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>bivon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bēven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>*bibberen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>bibbern</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>German</lang>
                            <orth>bibbern</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bifa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>bæve</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>biva</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>bifa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>beve</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>biva</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>bäva</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bifa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>bifra</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>bævre</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>bifra</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>bevre</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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