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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *bilją</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_bilją</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_bwyell" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>bwyell</orth>
          <def>axe</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bheyh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰeyh₂-</orth>
          <def>to strike, hit; hew, cut</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_biail" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>biáil</orth>
          <def>axe, hatchet</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_bilja" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bilją">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>bilją</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbil.jɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᛁᛚᛃᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ja-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>a cutting implement; blade; ax; sword</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>spike; peg; nail</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably from pre-Germanic *bʰih₂-tló-yo-m, an instrumental formation formed from the zero-grade Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bheyh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bheyh2">root of *bʰeyh₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘to strike, hit; hew, cut’), perhaps, originally meaning ‘striking/cutting implement’. Cognates are Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_biail"><ref target="#cog_sga_biail">biáil</ref></mentioned> (‘axe, hatchet’), Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_bwyell"><ref target="#cog_cym_bwyell">bwyell</ref></mentioned> (‘axe’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>bilją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>biljō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>bilją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>biljō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>biljas, bilis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>biljǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>biljai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>biljamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>biljō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>biljamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>bilją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>biljō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>bil, bill</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>bil, bille, bill</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>bill</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>bill</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>*bile</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>bile</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>bil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>bil, bīl, bīle</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>bil</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>Biel</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>bila</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*billi, *bīal, *bīala</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>bille, bīle, bijl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bil, bijl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>byl</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>bīhal, bīhala, billi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>bille, bil, bīhel, bīel, pīel, bīl, bīle</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Bille, Beil</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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