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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *birkijǭ</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_birkijǭ</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_birkijo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/birkijǭ">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>birkijǭ</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbir.ki.jɔ̃ː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᛁᚱᚲᛁᛃᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ōn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>birch</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *berkō (‘birch’)+ <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-(i)jǭ</mentioned>(forms agent nouns, feminine of <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-(i)jô</mentioned>).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>birkijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>birkijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>birkijōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>birkijōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>birkijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>birkijōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>birkijōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>birkijōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>birkijōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>birkijōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>birkijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>birkijōniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*birkijā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*birca</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>berke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>bèrk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*birkijā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*birca</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>berke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>berk</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>berk</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*birkijā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>bierċe, birċe, birċiae</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>birche, byrche, birch, birk, byrke, birke, breche</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>birch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Northumbrian</lang>
                        <orth>birk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>birk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*birkijā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>birk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bjirk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*birkijā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>birihha, birka, bircha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>birke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Birke</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Bierk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*birkijā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>birka, berka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>berke, barke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Bark</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Boakj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>birkja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>birkja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>byrkje, birkje, bjørkje</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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