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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *bitraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_bitraz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_bitraz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bitraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>bitraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbit.rɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᛁᛏᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>bitter</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic *bʰid-ró-s (‘biting, splitting’) from root *bʰeyd- (‘to split’), equivalent to *bītaną (‘to bite’) + <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-raz</mentioned> (forms adjectives from verbal roots).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>bitraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>bitrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>bitrą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>bitrai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>bitrôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>bitrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>bitranǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>bitrǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>bitrą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>bitranz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>bitrōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>bitrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>bitras, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>bitraizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>bitras, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>bitraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>bitraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>bitraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>bitrammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>bitraizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>bitrammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>bitraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>bitraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>bitraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>bitranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>bitraizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>bitranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>bitraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>bitraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>bitraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>bitrô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>bitrǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>bitrô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>bitraniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>bitrōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>bitrōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>bitranų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>bitrōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>bitrô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>bitranunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>bitrōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>bitrōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>bitriniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>bitrōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>bitriniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>bitranǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>bitrōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>bitranǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>bitrini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>bitrōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>bitrini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>bitrammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>bitrōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>bitrammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>bitrinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>bitrōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>bitrinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>bitrammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>bitrōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>bitrammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bitr, bittr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>bitter</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bitter</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>bitter</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bitr, bittr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>biter, bitter</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>bitter</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>bitter</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>bittir</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bitr, bittr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*bitter</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bitter</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bitter</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bitr, bittr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>bittar, pittar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>bitter, pitter</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>bitter</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>batter</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>ביטער (biter)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bitr, bittr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>bittar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bitter</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>bitter</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>bitter</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>bitter</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>bitter</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bitr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>biderhvas</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>bitur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>bitur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bitr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>biter, bitter, beter</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>bitter</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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