<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *bladą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_bladą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_xto_palt" xml:lang="xto" type="cognate">
          <orth>pält</orth>
          <def>leaf, blade</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_blada" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bladą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>bladą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈblɑ.ðɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᛚᚨᛞᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>leaf (of a plant)</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>sheet</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>blade (flat surface of a tool or weapon)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃-o-tó-m, from *bʰleh₃- (‘bloom, flower’); compare Tocharian A <mentioned xml:lang="xto" target="#cog_xto_palt"><ref target="#cog_xto_palt">pält</ref></mentioned> (‘leaf, blade’). Synchronically analyzed as a nominal derivative of *blōaną (‘to bloom’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>bladą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>bladō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>bladą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>bladō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>bladas, bladis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>bladǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>bladai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>bladamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>bladō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>bladamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>bladą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>bladō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blad</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*blat</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>blat</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>blaad</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blad</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*blat</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>blat</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>blad</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>blad, blaar</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blad</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>blæd</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>blad, blaad, bladd, blade, blayd, blayde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>blade, blad</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>blade, blaid, bled</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blad</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>bled</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Blääd</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bled</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blad</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>blat</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>blat</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Blatt</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Blatt</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>בלאַט (blat)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blad</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>blat</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>blat</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Blatt</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Blat</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blad</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>blat</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>blat</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Blaat, Blatt</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                          <orth>Blatt</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blad</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>blad</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>blat</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Blatt</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Blaut</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>blað</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>blad</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>blað</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>blað</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>blad</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>blað</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>blaþ, ᛒᛚᛆᚦ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>blad</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
