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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *blankaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_blankaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_blankaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/blankaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>blankaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈblɑŋ.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᛚᚨᚾᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>bright, shining, white, gleaming, blinding</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">A late formation from *blinkaną (‘to shine, blink’), with the <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-i-</mentioned>interpreted as an e-grade vowel. Thus, its formation must have followed the raising of *e to *i before a nasal + consonant, rendering such an analysis possible. Doublet of *blaikaz (‘pale, white’, &lt; * blīkaną, ‘to gleam; shine’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>blankaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>blankō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>blanką, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>blankai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>blankôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>blankō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>blankanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>blankǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>blanką, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>blankanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>blankōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>blankō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>blankas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>blankaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>blankas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>blankaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>blankaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>blankaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>blankammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>blankaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>blankammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>blankaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>blankaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>blankaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>blankanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>blankaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>blankanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>blankaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>blankaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>blankaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>blankô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>blankǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>blankô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>blankaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>blankōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>blankōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>blankanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>blankōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>blankô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>blankanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>blankōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>blankōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>blankiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>blankōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>blankiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>blankanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>blankōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>blankanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>blankini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>blankōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>blankini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>blankammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>blankōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>blankammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>blankinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>blankōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>blankinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>blankammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>blankōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>blankammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blank</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Frankish</lang>
                    <orth>*blank</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>*blanc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>blanc</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>blank</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                          <orth>blank</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blank</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>blanc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>blanca, blonca</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>blanke, blonke</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>blank</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>blonk</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blank</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>blank</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>blonk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>blank</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blank</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>blanch, blank</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>blank</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>blank</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>blank</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blank</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*blank</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>blank</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>blank</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blank</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*blank</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>blank</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                        <orth>blankr</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Faroese</lang>
                          <orth>blankur</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                          <orth>blankur</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                          <orth>blank</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blank</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*blank</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>blank</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                        <orth>blankr</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                          <orth>blank</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Danish</lang>
                            <orth>blank</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blank</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*blank</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>blank</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                        <orth>blankr</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>blanker</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Swedish</lang>
                            <orth>blank</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>blakkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>blokk</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>blakkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>blakkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>blakk</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>blakkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>blak</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>blak</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>blakkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>blakker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>black</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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